Energy and Enzymes and Cellular Respiration Guided Reading Qs Do these before the Mastering Assignment Reading 5 10 5 16 and 6 1 6 6 Reading Objectives Differentiate kinetic potential and chemical energy In subsequent lessons identify how these types of energy relate to cellular respiration and photosynthesis Identify functions of enzymes and the conditions they work best at Compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis as energy reactions Explain the relationship between ATP and ADP Explain how enzyme reactions are inhibited Explain the purpose of aerobic respiration and name the inputs and outputs Describe the significance of coenzymes in aerobic respiration 1 The two basic forms of energy are a Kinetic Energy b Potential Energy Match each type of energy to one of these two forms you listed above The spinning movement of a protein as protons move through its channels Kinetic Energy The energy stored in the chemical bonds of glucose Potential Energy The release of heat from your body when you exercise Kinetic Energy The sunlight that powers photosynthesis Kinetic Energy Energy in the universe can be transferred or transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed 2 Why is a plant cell thought of as an energy transformer Because it simply converts light energy to chemical energy it does not produce it 3 How is burning fuel in your car or burning wood similar to how your body uses fuel How is it different Like cars cells use oxygen to release the energy from fuel molecules They both produce carbon dioxide and water as waste However cells are more efficient Cells convert 34 of the chemical energy into fuel while cars only convert about 25 The rest is released as heat Burning and cellular respiration are both exergonic But burning wood is a 1 step process where all the substances energy is released at once while cellular respiration is multiple steps Each step is a chemical reaction Define cellular respiration 4 Fill out the table below Photosynthesis endergonic Cellular Respiration exergonic List the reactants Are these energy rich or energy poor Energy poor dioxide molecules Energy molecules rich carbon and water sugar List the products Are these energy rich or energy poor Energy sugar rich molecules Energy poor dioxide and water carbon 5 How do the structures of ATP and ADP differ ATP structures have the organic molecule adenosine and three phosphate groups that make a triphosphate tail ADP is formed when one phosphate group leaves the ATP 1 6 How does phosphorylation lead to cellular work What are examples of cellular work Phosphorylation or the transfer of the phosphate group energizes molecules to do cellular work This includes chemical work like the synthesis of products Or transport work like driving the active transport of solutes across the membrane against their concentration gradient Lastly mechanical work by the hydrolysis in ATP attaching to motor proteins in muscle cells that cause the proteins to change shape and pull protein filaments contracting the cells 7 What does the activation energy of a chemical reaction specifically do to reactants What do enzymes do to the activation energy The activation energy activates reactants enzymes lower the activation energy to speed up the reaction 8 Draw a graph with two lines One line will represent a reaction without an enzyme and the other will represent an enzyme catalyzed reaction Your Y axis should be labeled as increasing energy and your X axis should be labeled progress of reaction Be sure to label the activation energy for both reactions Activation energy Incr energy Incr energy Progress of reaction Progress of reaction Red without enzyme Green With enzyme 9 True or False Defend you answer for each i e state why a particular statement is true or correct a false statement False Enzymes are consumed in reactions They increase the rate of the reaction without being consumed False Enzymes are always proteins Most enzymes are proteins but some are RNA True Substrate is another word for reactant It is the reactant that the enzyme reacts on True Enzymes are specific Only specific substrate molecules fit into their active sites False An enzyme may have multiple types of active sites to bind multiple types of substrates Each enzyme has one type of active site 10 What conditions do most enzymes work best at Lower temperatures 35 40 degrees C and nearly neutral PH 6 8 11 The cereal you ate this week even if it was Fruit Loops contained metals found on the periodic chart such as zinc and iron What are these metals doing in your cereal And wait is there a connection between chemistry and biology Because they are coenzymes found in raw materials and vitamins in the foods we eat Yes chemistry is connected to the structure of enzymes and our breakdown of food 11 Examine figure 5 15 Explain in your words what this illustration describes being sure to define all the vocabulary words from this illustration 2 The illustration shows how inhibitors interfere with substrate binding An inhibitor is a chemical that interferes with enzyme activity The first picture shows how a substrate normally binds to the active site of an enzyme smoothly The second shows a competitive inhibitor that blocks the active site of an enzyme and mimics a substrate so the substrate cannot bind with the enzyme The third shows a noncompetitive inhibitor that binds to the side of the enzyme instead of the active site It changes the shape of the active site so that the substrate no longer fits there 12 The books discusses how the same enzyme that transmits nerve impulses can be inhibited in insects and lead to death but when inhibited in a slightly different way in humans can be used as anesthesia for surgical procedures What is the difference in this inhibition The inhibitors used for anesthesia are reversible while the inhibitors that harm insects are irreversible Chapter 6 Overview of Respiration 1 How does energy cycle through an ecosystem as shown in Figure 6 1 Energy from the sun is converted to energy in plants through photosynthesis this process releases oxygen and organic molecules that are used for cellular respiration in animals that produces ATP and releases heat while also releasing carbon dioxide and water to power photosynthesis reactions What is different about how matter cycles Matter is recycled the CO2 and H20 released by cellular respiration are converted again to sugar in photosynthesis and then used again in respiration What
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