Guided Reading Qs Do these before the Mastering Assignment Cell Signaling with Hormones Reading 26 1 26 3 26 7 26 9 plus a 13 min podcast interview and an article on Sakai The Origins of Transgender Reading Objectives Differentiate between chemical and electrical signaling to cells Describe how the two types of chemical signaling mechanisms affecting target cells differently Apply the two mechanisms of chemical signaling to insulin signaling and sex hormone signaling Explain the consequences of endocrine disruptors Explain how testosterone and estrogen affect gender development Q1 What two type of signals does the body use to communicate Chemical and electrical signals traveling through the endocrine and nervous systems How do they affect different responses in the body The endocrine system makes gradual changes that have effects on the entire body Theses hormones also regulate long term development The nervous system makes direct and fast responses Q2 What does a target cell have that allows it to respond to a hormone secreted from a distant gland that a non target cell is lacking Target cells have receptors specific to the traveling hormone Q3 List and describe the three stages of hormone signaling 1 Reception A endocrine cell comes in contact with a stimulus Then the endocrine cells secrete molecules that diffuse to blood vessels Hormone binds to a specified receptor protein 2 Signal Transduction The binding of a signal molecule to a receptor protein A signal travels throughout the entire body through the bloodstream 3 Response Cell changes behavior After many seconds hormones are released into the bloodstream and carried to target tissue Q4 Are hormone receptors on the plasma membrane or inside cells Plasma membrane Q5 Draw a quick diagram outlining the differences between water soluble hormone signaling vs lipid soluble hormone signaling Water soluble 1 Water soluble hormone to receptor protein 2 Signal transduction pathway 3 Cellular response cytoplasmic response or gene regulation Lipid Soluble 1 Hormone enters target cell 2 Goes to receptor protein 3 Goes to hormone receptor complex 4 Transcription to mRNA Cellular response activation of gene and synthesis to new protein Q6 Why can steroid hormones pass through the plasma and nuclear membranes They are lipid soluble hormones so they can pass through the phospholipid bilayer Q7 Scientific Thinking module 26 3 What hypothesis were the scientists testing long term exposure to even low levels of atrazine during development would have negative effects on the reproductive function in amphibians What were the control and experimental groups Control male frogs exposed to low levels of atrazine Experimental group of male frogs not exposed to atrazine What was the independent variable Exposure to atrazine Dependent variables Number of males successful at amplexus What were the results 11 16 control males successful and 2 16 atrazine exposed males successful This was a controlled laboratory study does it have any implications for the real world environment Yes because the study was controlled it can be applied to real world environments Feel free to skip directly to Module 26 7 Q8 What are the three major categories of sex hormones 1 Estrogens 2 Androgens 3 Progesterone Do males have estrogen Yes Do females have testosterone yes Explain differences Estrogen maintains the female reproductive system and the development of female body features Testosterone is an androgen that stimulates an embryo to develop males and male body features Males have more androgens testosterone than estrogen and females have more estrogen than androgens The sex hormones are produced by the gonads ovaries and testes but affect cells in distant parts of the body What are some of the distant targets affected Facial hair voices skeletal muscles body hair skin Q9 What happens when testosterone is made but cannot bind its receptor inside the cell Androgen insensitivity syndrome they are born with external female genitalia but have male testes inside their abdomen Q10 What are some ways testosterone affects other animals besides humans In elephant seals testosterone causes aggressive male behavior In songbirds increased male singing In male deer and elk the development of antlers Q11 What organ secretes insulin and glucagon The pancreas What are the target cells of insulin What affect does insulin have on cells Beta cells lowers the levels of glucose in the blood What are the target cells of glucagon What affect does glucagon have on target cells Alpha cells raises the level of glucose in the blood Q12 Diabetes as a group of diseases affects 1 in 11 Americans What is diabetes the seventh leading cause of death in the U S a hormonal disorder from the body s inability to use or produce enough insulin So there is too much glucose in the blood Q13 Compare and contrast the differences in hormone signaling defects in type 1 vs type 2 diabetes In type 1 the body s immune system attacks and destroys the pancreatic beta cells that release insulin So target cells don t receive the signal that leads glucose transporters moving towards the plasma membrane In type 2 however insulin is produces but the signal doesn t relay normally to target cells They have insulin but the glucose transporters aren t ready at the plasma membrane to take glucose from the blood What condition occurs if too much insulin is produced or injected Hypoglycemia beta cells secrete too much insulin when sugar is eaten Q14 Listen to a 13 min interview with Raleigh author Tim Anderson about his book Sweet Tooth http wunc org post life after hormones and blood sugar go beserk and answer these questions as you listen What were the first signs for Tim that he was developing type 1 diabetes How old was he Tim was 15 when he first noticed he was dehydrated and extremely thirsty On the night he was brought to the ER what behavior during that day made his sugar level so incredibly high He was on a school trip where he drank many cokes because he was on vacation and very thirsty What does he mean when he says the first few years were the honeymoon period of diabetes When you still produce a little bit of insulin the first few years so there is extreme danger that there is too much insulin and one is constantly on guard What were some of the symptoms he describes associated with too much insulin hypoglycemeia Talking nonsense not talking at all sweating a lot fall out of bed He talks about educating people to
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