INR3003 Midterm Na ama Nagar Structure 32 Multiple Choice 10 T F Read Week 2 articles Some Basics State Sovereignty Nation State a corporate body exercising sovereign political power over a particular geographic area o Sovereign corporate body o Territory o A monopoly in the legitimate use of force o Recognition Legal criteria are not always Absolute o Territory not always well defined o Population changes with migrants and immigrants o People are not always obedient to government o Unclear how many states need to grant recognition Sources of Legitimacy o Traditional based on habit and custom over time stressing history Monarch Jordan o Charismatic based on the force of ideas and presence of the leader Revolutionary hero Lenin o Rational Legal based on rules and procedures and the office that creates and enforces those rules Elected officials Obama What is Sovereignty o The monopoly on the legitimate use of force within a territory o Sovereign states control their own domestic affairs o Murder gang violence etc illegitimate use of force o National government delegate power Ex Local police But authority to use force originates from the state s permission o Sovereign entities are not supposed to meddle in the internal affairs of sovereign entities States violate this all of the time Going into Pakistan to kill Bin Laden U S intervention in Libya Russia protecting South Ossetia from Georgia Treaty of Westphalia o Signed in 1648 and ended the 30 years war o Established the principle of sovereignty o Sometimes called Westphalian sovereignty What is a Nation o A collective united by shared cultural features history language myths values etc and the belief in the right to territorial self determination Barrington 1997 Relationship between State and Nation o Nation State Denmark Italy o Nations spread in several states Kurds in Iraq Turkey Iran Germans in Eastern Europe Russia Somalis in Somalia Ethiopia Kenya Djibouti o States with several nations within state borders India Russia o What about US or Canada Civic concept of nationalism Common identities evolve without common religious ethnic or cultural similarities o Stateless nations Pakistans Kurds Chechens Tamils o Widespread lawlessness ineffective government terrorism insurgency crime and well publicized pirate attacks against foreign vessels o Somalia Afghanistan Haiti Yemen Sudan Failed States The Notion of Power What is Power o The ability to not only influence others but to control outcomes producing results that would not have occurred naturally o Multidimensional dynamic and situational Natural Sources of Power o Natural resources oil Oil expands natural sources of power and not having oil can constrain productivity security o Geographic position and size Mahan state controlling the sea has power potential Mackinder state controlling Eurasian heartland has power potential o Population Large educated healthy population enhances power potential Small uneducated unhealthy population diminishes power potential Tangible Sources of Power o Industrial development o Level of infrastructure o Economic diversification o Characteristics of military Intangible Sources of Power o National image views of self as exceptional or weak o Public support and cohesion strong or weak o Public morale strong or disaffected o Leadership visionaries pragmatic poor corrupt o Quality of government not type but effectiveness o Soft power What is Soft Power o Soft power is a more subtle form of structural influence over the values held by other states o Soft power is a way to exercise influence through attraction as opposed to coercion hard power o It is the ability to attract others because of legitimacy of state s valye or policies Power as a Relationship o The power of any state the is a function of Its own capabilities goals policies and actions The capabilities of the other entity with which it interacts The Exercise of State Power o Power not only to be possessed but utilized through Diplomacy Economic statecraft Force Diplomacy o Influencing the behavior of others by negotiating o Taking a specific action or refraining from action o Requires credible parties with believable statements likely positions and ability to back up positions with action o 5 substantive functions Conflict management The increase and facilitation of cross cultural communication Solution of problems facing two or more governments on a wide range of issues Negotiation and bargaining on specific issues treaties and agreements General program management of the foreign policy decisions of one country in regard to another o Negotiation and Bargaining Bargaining is important for achieving influence Diplomatic persuasion occurs in world politics more often than we think Bargaining can be tacit or occur through explicit negotiations The objective is to get the opponent to agree with you as much as possible in achieving a solution to the problem while minimizing the costs to yourself o Diplomacy and Human Security A View from Canada Niche diplomacy concentrate resources in selected areas Diplomatic themes reflect Canadian values and ways to differentiate itself from US Support human rights by concentrating on human security Train and participate in multilateral peacekeeping Outlaw land mines support elimination of child soldiers support women s rights and measures to end global warming Use of Economic Statecraft undesirable move o Negative Sanctions threaten or take actions to punish state for Freeze target state s assets UN against Libya US against Iran Boycott goods and services South Africa boycotted during apartheid Impose trade limits Arab states and US o Positive sanctions offers a reward for moving in desired direction Grant trading privileges Most favored nation MFN status granted to China Permit trading in sensitive products o Debate over economic statecraft Often viewed as not effective Public rallies around leaders Difficult to maintain international cohesion in long term States change economic policies In 1980s South Africa case shows some success Since 1990s increased use of smart sanctions Smart Sanctions are sanctions targeted at the actual people responsible for a certain act rather than general population Use of Force Threat to Use Force o Compellence threat or use of force to get target state to do something or undo an act already undertaken Ex Prelude to 1991 Gulf War try to change Saddam s behavior by escalating threats o Deterrence threatening use of force
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