Feb. 12 2013I. Post Cold War PredictionsMearsheimerconflict; realist viewpointHungtington conflict; clash of civilizationsFukuyama (france)peace; spread of democracyFukuyama- “End of History” many have made assumptions at what he means, erroneous.Hegel- 1906 France defeated RussiaII. Waves of DemocracyFukuyama- democracy spreading all over the worldLatter part of 1700-1800s ( democracy in US, Britain, Demark…Western European)First wave comes to an end with WWIEnlightenment (indv equality, voting rights…)Western and northern EuropeSecond wave after WWIIDemocracy in most states of western EuropeLatin America60s-70s Decline in democracy, where it fell to military govs in some places where it had existed before (Brazil, Chile, Argentina)Third Wave when Cold war endsmovements in Africa, renewal in South AmericaFukuyama: Represents “end of history”: western liberal democracy (constructivism)Found a final form of human government that will workIdeological evolution that has come to an end due to democracyIII. FukuyamaA. HegelFukuyama Bases ideas off Hegel (German Philosopher) “Hegelian”Non materialistic way viewpointHuman Nature1. Need for survival (basics= food, water, security)2. Ability to reason- since we can think we can acquire the things that we need3. Innate spiritedness- seek recognition from others, approval, validation *drives us beyond our basic needs, can apply this to the state, the state wants other states to approve. PRESTIGE not POWER. Can use power to get to prestige, but what you’re really after is approval. Identity perspective!Superbowl exampleDemocracy = Equalizer (under democracy we are all equals) from individual to states-> all states should be considered equal.Democracy gives recognitionFukuyama interprets history as a an evolution of ideas that pertain to political order. What works best in humanity? What works best for us all? That ideal social form of socialization.B. Preeminence of IdeasLooks at the history of the world based on the history of ideas, how ideas have led us to where we are and created the forms of governments we have today.Help to shape political and social organizationC. Teleological History= fluid progression of historyHistory therefore has a beginning, middle, and end.Government begins with hunter gather society, as that starts to grow and get more cohesive, tribal organizations forms-> kings-> empires->feudal society-> slaveryThen new set of ideas will emerge ->liberal democracyD. Liberal Democracy (Political Philosophy)Based on concept of liberalism that was being brought about by the Enlightenment thinkers.Most of our ideas government, human rights, etc, came from the EnlightenmentCentral plane- Individual is the core of societyCame from a time where the individual didn’t have rights, so we are changing our concept of the individual.Our individuals should all be equal.Problem: these ideas were great and profound BUT how do we take these ideas and put them into something tangible into a political system that works.Government has to recognize these privilegesFor this to work we need:1) DEMOCRACY.2) Limitations on political power-> we need to have some compromises, if we are going to have society we need a system of rules- but there are certain things that we demand:Individual rights (freedom of thought, of expression, of religion, right to own private property)3) Capitalism- free market economy20th century 3 dominant political movements:1. Liberal democracy- only one left standing; even spread of democracy after the fall of communism. Fukayama does not say democracy is the end of conflict, still be conflict largely in economic terms and resources, but we wont have the type of ideological conflict that we’ve seen in the past-aka our biggest wars (Nap wars, WWII, Cold War, etc)Huntington says the exact opposite, conflict on a very large scale and all of it being ideological. Triumph of liberal democracy. We have ended the progression of our ideas. (end of cold war)2. Fascism- after WWII failed.3. Communism- unworkable, depressive type of government that brought about a lot of appeasement.IV. Modernization Theorylinking democratization with economic growth.Evidence: most of the wealthiest/industrialized countries in the world are democratic.A. Industrialization-Democracy is the byproduct from this economic industrializationChanges society all the way- shakes up the current order by:B. Societies TransformedEmergence of Bourgeoisie (middle class)- industrialists, the men who own the means of production, become incredibly wealthy, but in the beginning of this movement the power, status, and privileges still belonged to the nobility (new money vs. old money) Break through this order and demand the right to own propertyProletariat (workers) Had awful living conditions, until they come to realize that they are needed, important, become unionized-> begin demanding things from the government as well as a group they have a bargaining chip.Urbanization-people begin flooding to the citiesEducation- increase education for the people if you want to have industrialization and a modern society. They are becoming literate, becoming aware,Civil Society createdStrong middle classC. Democracy Prevailsthe government has no choice but to give voting rights to the people. Economy->Modernization-> Spread of DemocracyV. Critiques of Modernization Theory-china….hasn’t adopted democracy-poor countries that are democracies…-not consistent with Fukayama; liberal argument not identityFukayama- don’t need modernization to get to democracyFeb. 14th 2013I. Democratic StabilityWealth helps create a civil society – largely middle class some upperDrive the economy & have the most to gain from maintaining the stabilityContributes to advancement in educationThe wealthier a state is the higher the costs of transition will be if it moves away from democracyEx. If it were to move towards authoritarian regime a lot of economic enterprises would sufferhave democratic stability that is reinforced by democracy (the system itself) and wealth because it is serving them best.II Democratic peaceSpread of democracy will bring peaceFukuyama – we see individual as equals, and states as equalsPresident Clinton enforced this ideal.. democracies don’t attack each other, make better trading partnersDecrease instances of warfare because democratic states resort to communication not wars3 main pointsDemocracies don’t fight each othermay have many
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