Democracy- Post-Cold War Predictionso Mearsheimer, Huntington, Fukuyama1. realists only gave one perspective1. Samuel Huntington1. there is going to be a clash of civilizations2. cultural, religious since 9/11 this has been2. fukuyama1. much more optimistic predicts peace2. cold war over --> no more challenge to democracy3. continue to spread throughout the world. 4. fukuyama is coming from the constructionist perspective.1. ideas, culture, religion, values, norms- Waves of Democracy1. 3 different waves1. 1st wave, during the 19th century, the U.S. 1. seeing the 2. 2nd wave, comes after WWII ends (almost 50%)1. comes to an end in the 1970’s (brazil chile argentina --> military dictators being established.3. 3rd wave, comes at the end of the cold war.1. collapse of soviet union, eastern EU can break away and establish democracy of their own.- Fukuyama’s “End of History”1. ***read article***2. looking at history 2.o Hegel1. German philosopher, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel1. bargues that there are 3 major components to our human make up1. desire for survival1. food, water, shelter2. ability to reason1. we can reason to get food, shelter, and water3. an innate spiritedness 1. crux of his argument2. desires recognition3. prestige, not power4. once the level of prestige has been achieved, no longer need for competition.o Preeminence of Ideas Fukuyama borrows these Hegelian ideas evolution of ideas that pertain to the political order and economical order. The search of what work best for us all. Fukuyama looks at the history of the world in the terms of ideas, and how they have brought us to where we are. Everything we have is based on ideas. o Theological History1. not just a series of events, but natural progression of ideas over time with it’s final fulfillment. 2. history has a beginning, middle, and end1. beginning1. first social organization,2. very primitive2. Middle1. progression, new technology leads to new forms of social organization1. slavery, feudalism, 2. new set of ideas --> liberal democracyo Liberal-Democracy1. political philosophy that is based on the ideas of the enlightenment1. putting emphasis on the empowerment of the individual. 2. individuals should be seen as equals3. individuals are the basis for society 2. how is this a solution for us?1. it gives us democracy2. no justification for any type of political government that dominates individuals.3. the consent of the people1. people vote to voice their consent/opinion3. we have to have government, but there are limitations to political power1. power should be limited2. guarantee of rights1. freedom of thought and expression2. right to own propertyo liberal-democracy is democracy and capitalism --> last piece of 3. puzzle.- One explanation for Democracy = Modernization Theoryo Equilizer- everyone is equal = no competition o bi-product of modernization forged through Western Europe extreme struggle and change o Wealthiest states are democratic and democratic states tend to be wealthyo Industrialization industrialization is responsible for changing society economic development has promoted democratization radically transformed societies and posed a challenge to the existing political order o Societies Transformed- bringing order shapes societies. Emergence of : Bourgeoise- (Middle Class) own the means of production pose challenge to the existing political order want the rights of the nobility Proletariat industrial workers miserable in workplace live in slums horrible work conditions sought greater rights and freedoms example: safer work conditions had to join political process challenge existing political order Urbanization massive cities bring workers to these massive cities where they would work in the industry created drastic change to society brought all kinds of people together increased communication shared concerns mobilization of people Were now in the political capital challenged Education start building wealth emphasis on increasing education need educated population to keep industrialization going greatest challenge to government Civil Society no nobility or military running society o Democracy Prevails - Democracy = representation voting rights universal suffrage Freedoms Rights o Critiques of Modernization Theory- modernization does not cause Democracy- story of the West (Western Europe and the U.S.)- does not apply outside of the West - there has been democracy without modernization o What is perspective of this?- Liberal- Modernization causes democracy Democratic Peace- Democratic Stability o Wealth helps create Democratic Stability gives civil society upper/middle classes civil institutions within society Education and educational opportunities find new ways to accumulate wealth contribute to civil society Drastically increase the stakes if democracy fall, lose everything higher costs of transition o Evidence to support democratic stability wealthiest 20% are democratic - Democratic peaceo 3 main points 1: Democracies do not attack each other cruex of democratic peace theory 2: Democracy is the solution to the security dilemma still live in anarchy 3: Democracies prefer each other when it comes to trade and diplomacy greater trust talk more often and openly Democratic nations tend to back off when there is militarized conflict- Democratic peace according to our IR Perspectiveso Identity views set a common set of norms value peace see each other s friends → “like each other” shared political ideology o Liberal Views helps to build complex interdependence deeply connected to each other both sides benefiting and do not want conflict so much more to lose with conflict because of wealth part of the same international organizations abide by the same set of laws and agreements rely on diplomacy talking to each other to build trust and willingness to cooperate o Realist Views allied together against the non democracies example: cold war tend to balance = less likelihood of war do not see democracies as a guarantee of peace means of survival the public demands to seek peaceful conclusions from politicians so they might not always respond by seeking peace with other democracies- How does democracy help prevent
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