Democracy: Class 10/01Democratic Peace: Class 10/03Introduction to Globalization – Trade and Currency: Class 10/08Gold Standard & Bretton Woods: Class 10/10Bretton Woods and the Collapse: Class 10/15Washington Consensus to Dependency Theory: Class 10/17Strategies for Development: Class 10/22Globalization and Poverty: Class 10/24Resource Curse: Class 10/29INR 3003 Exam 2Democracy: Class 10/01I. Post-Cold War Predictions- Essential component of nation-state system: democracy- Years since WWII – rise in democracy (dip during Cold War era)- Realists uncomfortable with the end of the Cold War: ended bi-polarity conflicto Mearsheimer and the realists predict conflict- Liberals: everything is more interconnected; peace through international efforts of cooperation - Samuel Huntington, Clash of Civilizations: also predicts conflict, but civilizational- Francis Fukuyama, The End of History, more optimistic view of what is to comeo The end of the Cold War and communism allowed for a major explosion of democracy; democratization increased peace and global prosperity.o Problem: sounds odd, often misinterpreted because of titleII. Waves of Democracy: Fukuyama’s work was a specific response to the spread of democracy.- Post-Cold War expansion means we have reached the end of history.o Human progression not over, not the end of time/the worldo We have reached the end of logical evolution of political ideologyIII. Fukuyama’s “End of History”A. Hegel: German philosopherB. Preeminence of Ideas: 3 basic components- We all have a need for survival- Mankind’s ability to reason – separates us from other animals and helps us survive- Innate spiritedness where people search for recognition of one’s self wortho Why, as a human, am I valuable?o Seek recognition of own self worldo Drives making in quest for equalityo Drives us into competition for recognition- Democracy: great equalizer – equality under lawo No longer competing with each other to be dominant state or hegemono We see each other and ourselves as being equalo Recognition of sovereign rights and equality of other states- New constructivist/identity perspective: Fukuyama with Hegel as a predecessoro Ideology comes firsto (realist) power not goal – prestige is goal (identity)o Development of political ideology: liberal democracy countries see each other as equals and compete for recognitionC. Teleological History: history as an evolution of ideas- Ideas shape political and social organization- Man has been trying to work out best form of political ideology throughout history- History as development of ideas and ideology, which shape everything elseo Ideas drive formation of government and state economyo Have to be aware of cultural, religious, societal differences o Taking identity of others into consideration and modifying our own behavior- Logical, natural, and linear progression of ideas that continues until reaching fulfillment in liberal democracy- Criticism: ethnocentric, very western-orientedo Every country would ideally come to accept democracyD. Liberal-Democracy- Challengers: Marxism, anarchism, etc.- Best for Fukuyama- Based specifically on ideals born out of the Enlightenmento Individual freedom, equality, rights respected and protected by government, individual with say, government working for the people- Clearly defined components:o Having a democratic form of government that limits the role of the govt. If we are equal, there is no justification for any form of rule that dominates the people – ensured through voting rightso Protect individual freedoms through laws – right to own property (or one class would dominate the others)o Economic opportunity through capitalism: market economy that gives equal opportunities to everyone – all can participate and benefit- U.S.: liberal democracy; Europe: social democracy- Liberal-Democracy faced 2 challenges in the 20th century: communism and fascismo Fascism strong before WWII, but because of WWII, it was discreditedo Communism: proved unworkable (hardships for those under it) Soviet Russia fell democracy took hold For Fukuyama, this was the end of history – man finally found the best form of government where everybody can thrive – staying powerIV. One explanation for democracy = Modernization Theory: A. Industrialization: democracy will come into being as a direct result of the economic transformation of Europe – born out of severe social changesB. Societies Transformed: Economic development promotes democracy by transforming the underlying society (the masses), which uproot the old political system. Classes emerge that demands rights and access to the system- Bourgeoisie: rich, own means of production (factory owners)o Not part of nobility, excluded from rights and privileges reserved only for noblesand upper class pressure system in order to gain rights to means Don’t want to completely overturn the system- Proletariat: workers, urban industries – brand new in-between classo Long hours, bad working conditions. Politicized join unions. Help gain rights, better pay, safer conditions, and shorter work day pressure on old political system to gain rights (demand say and protection)- Urbanization: people moved into urban areas where industries and work areo Congregating masses of people in prime political centers put pressure on government and come together to represent a stronger force to make demands- An industrial society needs to have an educated population – seek demands/concessions from the governmento Most politically active groups: students – increase education people more aware and bold, powerful force- Civil society: not run by hereditary noble elites – civilization run by governments based on a middle class- All of these things fundamentally transformed societyC. Democracy Prevails: demands on system inclusion development of democracyD. Critiques of Modernization Theory- Do we have to have industrialization to get to democracy?- Most wealth countries are democratic – direct correlation between democracy and modernization. China is the exception: wealthy and not democratic- This is the story of the West. Will we see the same pattern outside the West? No.E. What perspective is this?- Democracy is not an identity perspective – created out of economic transformation.o Without transformation, we shouldn’t have democracyo Fukuyama: we didn’t need modernization, revolution, or economic
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