*Democracy I. Post-Cold War Predictions:-According to realists, conflict was likely in the future. Mearsheimer, Huntington, FukuyamaHuntington: predicts clash of civilization, facing increasing conflict over cultural & religious lines. Fukuyama: Optimistic; he predicts peace, says once the cold war ended democracy has prevailed, causing it to spread.● Constructivist (Identity) perspective: focuses on ideas, culture, religion, values, & norms,not survival power & institutions. ● The end of history “the end of mankind ideological evolution & universalization of western liberal democracy as the final form of human government.” *He believed that liberal democracy offered the best option for mankind. II. Waves of DemocracyThe process of democratization1st: Through the US 19th century (US, France, Britain, Sweden Denmark, Netherlands)2nd: After WWII ends, military coups being established taking down democracy ex/ Brazil, Chile, Argentina 3rd at the end of the cold war Democracy will be restored in Latin America.- Democracy starts forming in Africa- Eastern Europe will start to establish their own as well. III. Fukuyama’s “End of History”End point of mankind's ideological evolution & universalization of western liberal democracy as final form of human govt. 1 Natural evolution of political ideology boiling down to liberal democracyA. Hegel (German Philosopher) Unlike Mark he takes a non-materialistic view of history. *Argues for 3 main components human make-up: 1. The desire for survival- food, water, shelter 2. Rational: man can obtain the things for survival by having the ability to ration3. Spiritedness: desires recognition, meaning we want to be seen as having value & importance -Struggle for prestige NOT power.- Once prestige has been acquired, competition is no longer needed. This applies to state as a democracy.*Through liberal democracy: all individuals are equal--> no competition B. Preeminence of Ideas1Some look at history through a Marxist lenses, how it affects the ‘haves’ and ‘have nots’. However Fukuyama says that “ideas” determine everything else.- Ideas determine what type of economic structure will be like and what type of political form of gov will be established. Ideas are what behind war.-Ideas SHAPE everything: political form of government, as well as determine structure, in other words, governments don’t control us but ideas govern us C. Teleological History-Not a series of events, it’s a natural progression in a linear direction that will eventually come tofulfillment. -As technology began to advance it required a more sophisticated form of civilization. A new set of ideas will come into play that will give people Liberal- Democracy.1 Beginning: primitive form of organization2 Middle: what form of rule word would be best 3 Present: New set out of ideas that led to liberalist democracy D. Liberal- Democracyi. Based on the ideas of the enlightenment. -Focused on the empowerment of the individual. -For the first time in history, it gave people democracy and equality to some extent-People gain voting rights because they are able to voice their opinions to the gov.ii. Acknowledge existence of gov: right to own property, right to freedom of expression, market economy/ Capitalismiii. Fascism & Communism rise. - After WWII the fascist leaders fall, the ideas become discredited which leaves Communism standing. - At the end of Cold War communism proved to be another failure. Fukuyama believes that states would continue to adopt democracy 1 Major ideological wars were over!! Instead countries would go to war over resources Huntington would argue that wars after Cold War would be likely to occur. IV. One explanation for Democracy = Modernization TheoryModernization theory: explains why democracy came about. (created in Western Europe) i. As we industrialize, new classes are created who then put pressure on the existing political system, breaking down the old monarchies and demanding more rights. ii. Through that process came democracy. -Wealthy nations tend to be democracies, thus democracies tend to be wealthy, (that is not always true)Eg: China who has followed the theory but is still not a democracyiii. Democracy is caused by modernization. 2-Fukuyama argues democracy as a natural progression of ideas that will come about with or without modernization. A. Industrialization:-Econ development promoted democratization b/c it transforms society and posts challenge to existing political border → We got there through industrialization 1 Bourgeoisie (middle class): industrialists, want privileges of nobility and rights to controllabor 2 Proletariat (industrial workers): without them, none of this process would have occurred--> horrid working conditions, if wanted rights, they would pose challenge to political force B. Societies Transformedi. Drastic change to society --> not just demographically but how people know and communicate to each other 1 Change to education! 2 Creations of civil societies ii. People start to challenge government, thus gain greater rights, freedom, representation, universal suffrage --> Politicize the masses!D. Critiques of Modernization Theory-This is a theory that applies to the US, but does not necessarily apply to every other country in the world.a. Was democratization a result of modernization? No!-There are also countries that have gone through modernization & are still not a democracy.-So the assumptions of countries that are democratic are also modern and vice versa are incorrect! E. What perspective is that?What if modernization didn’t cause democracy? -Wealth does help create democratic stability-According to the Identify perspective, modernization doesn’t cause democracy.* Democratic Peace & Democratic Stability: Wealth 1 Middle and upper classes - business owners, industrialists, civil institutions. Within societya Poor countries lack middle class due to lack wealth1 Educational opportunities2 Drastically increases stakesa Wealthy people have invested in economy, hence invested interest in govt. is higher because govt. controls economy31 Democratic stability evidence: yes there is.i. Helps create stabilityii. Gives education opportunitiesiii. Drastically increases the stakes There is a lot of evidence to support democratic stability II. Democratic Peace: 3 main points1. Democracies don’t fight each other.A. Fukuyama: As democracy spreads, he stated that we should expect peace to spread as
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