Democracy)!I. Post(Cold!War!Predictions!A) Mearsheimer,)Huntington,)Fukuyama)• Huntington!o Emphasizes!conflict!across!civilizational!lines!o Since!9/11,!this!has!been!religious!lines!• Mearsheimer!o His!prediction!relies!on!the!traditional!power! struggle!• Fukuyama!o Most!optimistic,!believed!in!new!age!of!democratization!and!prosperity!o Cold!war!over(àno!more!challenge!to!democracy!o Democracy!will!spread!throughout!the!world!o His!ideas!came!from!the!constructionist!perspective!§ Ideas,!culture,!religion,!values,!norms!II. Waves!of!Democracy!• 3!different!waves!o 1)!1st!wave,!18th(19th!century!§ World!sees!the!US!§ Britain,!US,!Sweden,!France,!Belgium,!Holland!develop!democracy!o 2)!2nd!wave,!comes!after!end!of!WWII!(almost!50%)!§ Rest!of!Western!Europe!countries!and!parts!of!Latin!America!develop!democracy!§ Wave!stops!in!1964!and!throughout!1970’s.!§ Military!dictatorships!established!in!Brazil,!Chilies!and!Argentina!ú 1964!coup!of!Brazil!ú 1974!and!1976!dictatorships!in!Chilies!and!Argentina!o 3)!3rd!wave!comes!after!end!of!Cold!War!§ Soviet!Union!collapse!ú Allows!Eastern!Europe!to!break!away!and!establish!democracy!§ Democracy!also!spreads!to!Latin!America!and!Africa!III. Fukuyama’s!“End!of!History”!A) George)Wilhelm)Friedrich)Hegel)• German!Philosopher!• Says!there!are!3!major!components!to!human!make!up:!survival,!reason,!spiritedness!o 1)!Desire!for!survival!§ Food,!water,!shelter!o 2)!Ability!to!reason!§ We!are!able!to!figure!out!how!to!get!what!we!need!to!survive;!food,!water…!o 3)!Basic!Spiritedness!§ Most!important!component!§ We!desire!recognition!from!others!§ Prestige,!not!power!ú Prestige!gives!way!to!power!§ Once!the!level!of!prestige!has!been!achieved,!no!longer!need!for!competition!§ Identity!perspective,!not!realist!B) Preeminence)of)Ideas)• Democracy!recognizes!all!as!equals!!o If!we’re!equals,!we!don't!need!to!fight!• History!is!people!trying!to!figure!out!what!system!works!best!C) Teleological)View)of)History)• History!has!a!natural!progress!to!it,! not!just!a!series!of!events!!• Has!a!beginning,!middle!and!end!o Beginning!§ First!social!organization!§ Very!primitive,!i.e.!hunter/gatherer!o Middle!§ Progression,!new!technology!leads!to!new!forms!of!social!organization!ú Slavery,!feudalism!§ New!set!of!ideas(àliberal!democracy!D) Liberal)Democracy)• Political!philosophy!that!is!based!on!the!ideas!of!the!enlightenment!o Importance!of!individual!o Puts!emphasis!on!the!empowerment)of)the)individual!§ The!individual)is)the)most)important)part)of)society!!§ Individuals!should!be!seen!as!equals!§ Individuals!are!the!basis!for!society!o How!do!we!live!as!equals?!§ Democracy)ú No!justification!for!any!type!of!political!government!that!dominates!individuals!ú The!consent!of!the!people!• People!vote!to!voice!their!consent/opinion!§ Limitations)to)political)power!ú Power!should!be!limited!ú Rights!should!be!guaranteed!• Freedom!of!speech,!thought,!property,!belief!§ Market)Economy)o Was!challenged!by:!§ Fascism!ú Ultra(nationalist!expansion!was!not!ideal!for!peace,!died!out!§ Communism!ú Economic!problems!and!misery!of!communist!subjects!discredited!it!IV. Modernization!Theory!!A) Industrialization)• Wealthiest!states!are!democratic!and!democratic!states!tend!to!be!wealthy!• Industrialization!is!responsible!for!changing!society!• Economic!development!has!promoted!democratization!• Radically!transformed!societies!and!posed!a!challenge!to!the!existing!political!order!B) Societies)Transformed)• Creation!of!Bourgeoisie!(middle!class)!o Own!the!means!of!production!o Pose!challenge!to!existing!political!order!o Want!the!rights!of!the!nobility!!o Had!to!challenge!gov’t!for!rights!to!labor!freely,!own!property,!buy/sell,!etc.!o Not!interested!in!overthrow!of!gov’t,!just!gaining!rights!• Proletariat!!(working!class)!o Often!exploited,!but!fuel!industry!!o Miserable!in!workplace!§ Live!in!slums!§ Horrible!work!conditions!o Sought!greater!rights!and!freedoms!§ Ex:!Safer!work!conditions!o Had!to!join!political!process!§ Challenge!existing!political!order!• Urbanization!o Massive!cities!o Bring!workers!to!these!massive!cities!where!they!would!work!in!the!industry!o Created!drastic!change!to!society!§ Brought!all!kinds!of!people!together!§ Increased!communication!§ Shared!concerns!!§ Mobilization!of!people!o Were!now!in!the!political!capital!!§ Challenged!!• Education!o Start!building!wealth!!o Emphasis!on!increasing!education!!o Need!educated!population!to!keep!industrialization!going!o Greatest!challenge!to!government!• Civil!Society!o No!nobility!or!military!running!society!!))))))))))C))Democracy)Prevails))• Succeeds!as!dominant!idea!where!others!failed!• Democracy!=!!o Representation!!o Voting!rights!!o Universal!suffrage!!o Freedoms!!o Rights!!!!!!!!!!!!!!D))Critiques)of)Modernization)Theory)• Modernization!does!not!cause!Democracy!• Story!of!the!West!(Western!Europe!and!the!U.S.)!• Does!not!apply!outside!of!the!West!!• There!has!been!democracy!without!modernization!!!!!!!!!!!!!!E))What)is)perspective)of)this?)• Liberal(!Modernization!causes!democracy!!))Democracy)and)Democratic)Peace)!!Evidence)for)Modernization)Theory)and)its)critics))• Democracies!are!the!wealthiest!nations!statistically!• Critiques!point!to!several!things;!o This!theory!is!western!o Countries!that!developed!post!WWII!have! different!patterns!o CHINA(!NOT)a!democracy,!but!follows!pattern!of!modernization!o Wealthy!countries!that!are!not!democratic/poor!countries!that!are!Democratic)Stability))• Wealth!helps!create!democratic!stability!• Because!democracies!are!often!wealthy!and!vice!versa,!democracies)create)stability!o Sustained!by!having!civil!society!§ Upper/middle!classes!o Civil!institutions!within!society!o Education!and!educational!opportunities!§ Find!new!ways!to!accumulate!wealth!§ Contribute!to!civil!society!o Drastically!increases!the!stakes!§ If!democracy!falls,!lose!everything!§ Higher!costs!of!transition!• Evidence!to!support!democratic!stability!o Wealthiest!20%!of!countries!are!democratic!!!Democratic)Peace)•
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