Test 3 Nuclear Weapons Deterrence Why don t we use our Nuclear Weapons Destructiveness 03 26 2013 o Aren t Weapons intended to be destructive o Their purpose is to give you an advantage o Ex WW2 German bombing of Warsaw Warsaw was leveled Allies dropped Incendiary bombes Dresden and Tokyo o Targeting of Civilians was a strategy and designed to bring about the surrender o Doing what they Had to do to win the war o Daisy Cutters Equipped with a device that allows them to explode prior to impact This makes them more destructive o Destructiveness alone is not the problem Battlefield Utility o Tactical Nuclear Weapons and Depleted Uranium Tactical Nuclear Weapons Doesn t always have to level a city there are small scale nukes called Tactical Nuclear Weapons Some claim that we have used Tactical nuclear weapons but we haven t Depleted Uranium Very dense substance more than led Not highly radioactive but still a minimal effect Used as tank armor artillery shells etc They re Wrong Immoral o Sense of them being Immoral is a big reason A Shift in World Opinion Occurs o Human Tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki o Things changed after that First time they were dropped were on Hiroshima and Nagasaki We didn t know just how destructive it would be We had to plan a massive invasion of Japan and the casualties would have been catastrophic The Nuclear Weapon would save many US lives 80 of Americans agreed with use of Atomic Bombs in Japan We saw that the destructiveness would last far longer than the war Today the opinion worldwide is that the use of Nuclear Weapons would be immoral Is it worth it to use a weapon that is condemned by the rest of the world Probably Not The reason the US picked Hiroshima and Nagasaki is because they have never been attacked and they wanted to see the total destruction caused Mushroom Cloud showed that this was a whole new type of bomb We started to realize the possible effects of radiation Atmospheric contamination Initial impact death toll was 70 000 Time goes on 140 000 By 1950 200 000 Birth Defects in the decades after the war New Norm would be one of Non Use We possessed the ability to destroy the enemy therefore they would not want to mess New Norm of Deterrence with us o Balance of Terror Effects on Policy Changed attitudes as to what was defined as acceptable Will go beyond nuclear weapons The sense of what is acceptable weaponry goes beyond nuclear weapons NPT 1968 o Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty o Attempt to control the Weapons and the Spreading of the Nuclear Weapons o 5 Nuclear Weapons states would agree to non use o Would not seek to spread that technology o Agree to limited possession of nuclear weapons o All other states agree to not become nuclear power state o India Pakistan and N Korea are not members of NPT o Iran is a member but not complying o Countries must undergo inspection o Biological 1972 and Chemical Weapons 1993 o 1945 Geneva conventions would ban the use of chemical gas o 1972 Biological weapons treaty of 1972 and chemical weapons convention of 1993 came in the aftermath of the Iran Iraq war o 1993 Chemical weapons convention o These conventions made countries destroy their Chemical and Biological o The use of these weapons brought about the idea of deterrence Approaches to Controlling the Possession of Nuclear Weapons Weapons o Disarmament Get rid of them Destroy them Countries needed to talk and be on the same page Agreements that ensured peace o Deterrence via Extreme Build up offensive realism We wanted to increase the number of weapons as to further deter Nuclear Triad Having Nuclear Weapons on land at sea and in the air This meant that we could always strike back o Deterrence via Arms Control MAD Some felt that the offensive mindset of the war would increase the chances of war Security Dilemma So the idea was to maintain deterrence but adopt arms control Maintaining vulnerability to the enemy Mutually Assured Destruction Vulnerability would restrain our politicians of doing anything stupid We would never be the one to initiate a nuclear attack because there is nothing we could do to completely protect ourselves Unwinnable war Arms Control History see slide From MAD to MAP o 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty o 1968 NPT o 1968 SALT 1 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Reduce size of arsenals Putting a Cap o 1972 ABM Treaty Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty Limited ICBM intercontinental ballistic missile center interceptors Very low defensive capabilities Revoked treaty due to rogue states o 1979 SALT 2 Limiting ICBMs Reduce not destroy Not ratified by congress o 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Would limit all nuclear testing o 1990s START 1991 93 97 Strategic Arms Reduction Talks Decreasing our offensive capabilities MAP Mutually Assured Protection Increased defensive capabilities Nuclear Proliferation Nuclear Taboo Nina Tannenwald Indiscriminant in death Morally wrong Long term effects led to more death Realized the potential of radioactive contamination affects countries other than the target Idea of immorality is a very pervasive view today If a country shows any attempt to use nukes they are ostracized Nina Tannenwald o The Suggestion of Using nukes has become a taboo o US had monopoly on nukes 1945 Complete Disarmament was not possible because of lack of trust between states Meaning of Proliferation Spread of offensive nuclear technology o Today we talk about proliferation of that technology to non NPT states o Depending on the motives of a country determines whether or not they can obtain and be responsible for them o If we have universal understanding that are grounded in international norms then why would any new state want them o What are the motives o Rogue States A state that seeks to acquire nuclear weapons They are rogue bc they are in complete defiance of international norms Ex North Korea Tests weapons and defies the rules Also working towards the development of an offensive nuclear Ex Iran power Under huge sanctions Big security dilemma Deterrence and Small New States Complete disarmament was not possible but limitation Realists would argue that deterrence and non use require certain preconditions Increase defensive capabilities o Preconditions Strong and stable government new states tended to be weak Advanced technology not likely Modern communication system likely would not Large stockpiles of nuclear weapons that were spread out ideally o Problems nuclear triad Precautions against accidents and sabotage Solid Security
View Full Document
Unlocking...