Animal Tissues and Organ Systems Guided Reading Qs Reading Chapter 20 1 What major concept in biology is illustrated by the gecko s feet Structure fits function 2 Draw a chart or graphic that illustrates your understanding of the hierarchy of the animal body A Cell Level B Tissue Level C Organ Level D Organ System Level E Organism Level 3 How would you respond to this statement if you heard someone say it A squid s eye has been perfectly designed to see in the dark depths of the ocean Any words make you uncomfortable here What concept might you find yourself teaching this person The words perfectly designed imply that the squid is evolving towards an end goal but evolution is not goal based I would most likely show this person a phylogenetic tree in which it displays how the structure fits the function and how it is not perfect 4 Define convergent evolution and give an example you can think of other than the one in the book 5 Fill in the chart below Major tissue types Structure Function Subtypes 1 2 3 4 6 How does the structure of simple squamous epithelium differ from stratified squamous epithelium Why do both suit their functions 7 Compare contrast the three types of muscle in terms of structure and function 1 8 How does radioactive glucose reveal cancer cells in a PET scan Why would cancer cells take this up different from regular cells 9 Skin needs to be resistant to the the rubbing from your clothes and other forces It also has to be a waterproof barrier to prevent dehydration and microbes It also has to respond to stimuli It must respond and regulate temperature What are some of the specific structures in skin that carry out these functions List each with each function 10 What happens to the surface area relative to volume as an animal body plan gets larger Draw a graphic showing your understanding of this relationship Check your answer by playing with different shapes at http www shodor org interactivate activities SurfaceAreaAndVolume Imagine the shapes are single cells or entire animal bodies 11 How would the different shapes affect exchange with a cell s environment or an animal s exchange through its outer surface if it did not have a waterproof barrier 12 True or False Blood surrounds bathes each and every cell in the body allowing exchange of materials in and out of the cells Explain your reasoning 2 13 Maintenance of salt concentration pH water balance these are all part of maintaining the balance of the internal environment of an animal What do we call this maintenance of balance 13 Describe negative feedback And write one or two examples for yourself in the body stating what change in condition causes a response 3 Animal Tissues and Organ Systems Class discussion Nervous Connective Muscular Cardiac Skeletal Smooth Epithelial Simple o Columnar o Squamous o Squamous Stratified What are some things that need to maintained in the body Diffusion Distance um 1 10 100 1000 1 mm 10 000 1 cm How long would it take for diffusion through one cell A tissue ten cells thick Time required for diffusion 0 5 msec 50 msec 5000 msec 5 sec 500 000 msec 8 3 min 50 000 000 14 hrs be 4 A tissue one hundred cells thick 5 HUMAN IMMUNITY Guided Reading Questions Reading Chapter 24 This is a challenging chapter pay attention 1 Is an immune system unique to humans No it s not 2 The book starts with innate immunity Briefly compare and contrast innate vs adaptive immunity Innate immunity is the type of immunity that one has at birth and is the same in organisms regardless Adaptive immunity deals with the immune responses that are acquired from the experiences one experiences 3 List some external barriers of the innate system that prevent infection 4 Describe these cells of the innate system Skin Cilia Mucus Neutrophils Macrophages 5 What does activation of the complement system do to invading pathogens 6 Why is widening dilation and leakiness of blood vessels useful for an inflammatory response by the immune system 8 What are some clues that there is a systemic inflammatory process infection taking place in the body 9 Why is the inflammatory response considered part of the innate immune system 10 Two important features of adaptive immunity are listed what do these mean a Adaptive immunity is highly specific be sure to use the words antigen and antibody in your descriptions 6 b Adaptive immunity has memory 11 What are two ways to achieve active immunity to a specific pathogen such as chicken pox virus 12 How is passive immunity different Have you ever been passively immunized What are some examples 13 Now we get into the nuts and bolts for adaptive immunity a What are the two types of lymphocytes involved and where would you find these cells residing in the adult body b Compare and contrast the two parts of the dual defense of adaptive immunity called 7 14 What about the B cells and T cells makes them highly specific and efficient at recognizing a single antigen Yet how does the body recognize such a HUGE diversity of antigens 15 True or false explain An antigen is the same thing as a bacterium 16 Envision that a particular virus chicken pox has just entered the body We might need millions of B and T cells to combat this virus But we only have a few B cells and a few T cells currently in the body that can recognize chicken pox virus In a brief description what has to happen Now let s detail this description focusing on how B cells expand to make antibodies specific to chicken pox virus in the primary humoral response 17 Effector cells can be B or T cells yet in the clonal expansion of B cells effector cells that produce antibodies are specifically known as cells 18 Memory cells can be B or T cells once clonal expansion has occurred What is the role of memory B cells in the humoral response How do they become important when the chicken pox virus in encountered a second time 8 19 Antibodies themselves do not kill pathogens How do they help to kill pathogens though 20 Because antibodies are so specific they can be sued to detect certain molecules in the blood or urine How is this useful in determining pregnancy 21 What kinds of threats does the cell mediated response respond to that the antibody mediated response can t do 22 What does a cytotoxic T cell do 23 Examine figure 24 11 What type of cell is responsible for activating both the B cells humoral response and the cytotoxic T cells cell mediated response of the adaptive immune response 24 What type of cell does the helper T cell have to
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