INR 3003 FINAL Review Chapters 7 11 Chapter 6 The Individual Intro Are humans just recipients of foreign policy or are they more active agents o Can agents acting in a large group play a signif Role that should be considered at another o Like in case of Iraq war where a possible reason Bush pushed for war was his personal level of analysis beliefs about Hussein Foreign Policy Elites Individuals Who Matter Leaders are a group that make a difference in international relations Liberals and constructivist recognize that leaders do make a difference whenever there is a leadership change in U S China or Russia o People speculate what new foreign policies will appear under a new administration because leader s characteristics and beliefs do make a difference o Ex Nicolae Ceausescu became new leader of the communist party of Romania in 1965 Security Policy changed signif o Ex Soviet leader Gorbachev 1985 he came to power and named the Soviet security problem as a result of their economy and led economic reform Removed soviets from war in Afghanistan to save money Realist individuals are of little importance o They assume there is a unitary factor the state States are differentiated by their power not their leaders or their government regime types o Hans Morgenthau national interest defined as power helps keep continuity in foreign policy Provides for rational discipline in action Key Questions o When are the actions of Individuals likely to have a greater or lesser effect on the course of o Under what circumstances do actors different personal characteristics cause them to behave The Impact of Elites External Conditions o Individual s actions affect the course of events when at least one of the several factors is events differently present When political institutions are unstable young in crisis collapsed leaders are able to provide powerful influences Ex Founding fathers of US Thrived because they came in at the early stages of the nation when institutions and practices were still being established Hitler Roosevelt Gorbachev and Putin had more influence because states were in economic crises while they were in power When the individuals have few institutional constraints like in dictatorial regimes more freedom as a leader In democratic regimes occasionally the leaders can dramatically change policy o Nixon 1972 completely reversed foreign policy in relations with China He secretely sent his top foreign policy advisor Henry Kissinger to have meetings with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai This might be an exception Many democratic regimes are constrained by societal groups and bureaucracies Like in Israel with West Bank try to please both the conservatives and the peace makers INR 3003 FINAL Review Chapters 7 11 The specifics of a situation also determine the extent to which individuals matter Leaders have more influence when the issue is peripheral not central making the situation ambiguous and the information is unclear Like when there are no procedures for the situation at hand o Cuban Missile Crisis Kennedy s views played a role in the resolution Chapter 7 Intergovernmental Organizations Int l Law NGO s of the situation Intro Intergovernmental organizations IGOs play a role in the international system The Creation of IGO s o states have chosen to organize themselves collectively because within the framework of institutions and rules cooperation is possible Liberalism o International Orgs arenas for states to interact cooperate to solve common problems o 1970s Neoliberal institutionalist even if anarchy constrains the willingness of states to cooperate states can still work together with the assistance of Int l inst Continuous interaction among states provides motivation to create int l orgs And the orgs moderate state behavior provide framework for interactions establish monitoring of states to prevent cheating and facilitate transparency for state actions o Int l orgs solve 2 sets of problems Issues arising from the need to cooperate on technical often nonpolitical issues where states aren t the appropriate unit for resolving the issues David Mitrany states need to bind together on common issues Like NASA health and communication issues The idea that solving these technical problems together will lead to further political and military cooperation Forming new Int l orgs Second type of problem collective goods The Tragedy of the Commons if all individuals follow what is individually rational behavior then the group suffers When one attempts to maximize his own gain the collectivity suffers and eventually all individuals suffer Garrett Hardin o Collective action problem incentive to cheat and maximize your own gain Hardin s common grazing area for herders that want to maximize their own land is called collective good o Collective goods involve activities and choices that are interdependent One state s decision affects another state o Like CO2 emissions affect all states Hardin s solutions to the tragedy of commons Use coercion force nations or ppl to control the collective goods o Like China s population control Restructure the preferences of states through rewards and punishments o Positive incentives for states to refrain from engaging in the destruction of the commons like taxing those who fail to cooperate Alter the size of the group o Smaller groups can more effectively exert pressure on their members because violations of the commons will be more easily noticed INR 3003 FINAL Review Chapters 7 11 The Roles of IGO s analysis o Like China s monitoring of the one child policy Making population smaller and have local administering to make it easier to catch cheaters o Like UN World Bank and Int l Civil Aviation Organization play key roles at each level of o International System IGO s promote cooperation Regular interactions among states functionalist advocate for this Happens in UN They have surveillance programs relevant to the common good theory WTO develops procedures for making rules settling disputes and punishing those who don t comply Facilitate international bargaining Distribution of power is negotiated at IGOs IGO s often spearhead the creation and maintenance of int l rules and principles for common concerns Known as international regimes Like the International Human Rights regime found in UDHR IGO s also allow opportunities for different members of the regime states other IGO s NGO s and ppl to meet and evaluate their efforts o State Level IGO s enlarge the possibilities for
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