Carina Tenaglia INR 3003 Final Notes November 4 2014 Notes Nuclear Weapons Deterrence Proliferation I Why Don t We Use Our Nuclear Weapons a The US has a LOT of nuclear weapons and capacity to use them i So why don t we ii Most powerful weapons in our arsenals 1 Many wars we fought walked away w o victory but we could have won with the nuclear weapons a Korea Vietnam Iraq Afghanistan b Destructiveness i Firebombing Daisy Cutter 1 They are destructive but so are other bombs that we drop from an airplane or bombs or artillery 2 We design weapons to be destructive to use against enemies a Not using weapons b c they re destructive isn t a good argument 3 WWI WWI only two Total Wars a Most destructive wars the world has seen b Haven t been replicated since i Many things have changed c WWII bombing of civilians was accepted as something nations do i Viewed by most air powers of the day as the way to win victory by reducing morale of enemy civilian population 1 Ex German bombing of Warsaw 4 Firebombing taking fire which does even more damage a Dresden Germany by Allies UK US b Hamburg c Tokyo Est Death toll 80 000 100 000 civilians dead CONVENTIONAL TECHNIQUES NOT NUCLEAR 5 Daisy Cutter US uses a Device placed on a bomb that allows it to detonate before it hits the ground i Much greater impact ii Main Point Weapons designed to be destructive and we were willing to have large amounts of destructiveness conventionally 1 Since then any attack on civilians considered to be taboo c Battlefield Utility i Battlefield Utility 1 Not true we have had great advances to use nuclear weapons ii Tactical Nuclear Weapon 1 Ex A nuclear warhead that s fitted onto a missile rocket 2 These have much less impact but would still be nuclear a Still do not use them for many reasons i Audience costs democracy ii People do not support use of nuclear weapons iii We would be an int l pariah for using them condemned d They re Wrong Immoral i This idea clearly did not exist time of nuclear weapons conception 1 2 It came later Idea that these weapons take it to another level a Crosses moral boundary morally wrong b Norm of NON USE that took hold globally in end of 1940 s i States condemning these as wrong ii This applied to NPT Biological Chemical weapons ii Nuclear Taboo Nina Tannenwald 1 It s not just taboo to use them it would be taboo to even threaten to use them or talk about it 2 When we have issues w other powers we go through an escalation process and try to use diplomacy a When threatening use of force we NEVER threaten nuclear force iii Human Tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1 At the time 80 supported the use of the atomic bomb against Japan a We had been in a long war b c They proved to be an enemy that would be hard to defeat Japan attacked us at home at Pearl Harbor i Could drag on to be a long and bloody war many deaths d We had a weapon that could end war as quickly as possible and bring the sons husbands men of US home 2 Damage from the atomic bomb and firebombing looked similar 1st a Mushroom cloud characteristic of atomic bomb b Shadows burned into sides of buildings and such immediate impact c Nuclear weapons continued to kill beyond the war i Some people die of injury afterwards ii Hiroshima impact death toll estimated 70 000 1 By the end of 1945 doubled to 140 000 2 1950 death toll 200 000 3 Problem bomb kept killing from radiation a Fabric burned into embedded in flesh b Women gave birth to deformed children c Atmospheric contamination i Where does it go Anywhere ii Made life difficult unhealthy d We were trying to turn an old enemy into a friend but people kept dying 3 Strategy for atomic bomb i Wanted to know exactly the impact for atomic bomb ii Nagasaki Hiroshima had not already been hit by firebombing so we were able to measure amount of damage 1 Hiroshima surrounded by mountains 4 The use of the atomic bomb went far beyond all of this a We notice this in the months after the war b But even at the end of the 1950s many in military saw this as the evolution of weaponry c Opinions begin to change shift to norm of non use Effects on Policy e NPT 1968 i Not all countries follow 1 Russia nuclear power by 1949 2 Other nations like UK France also gain nuclear power a Nuclear Weapons key to deterrence d Cold War i Balance of Power ii Balance of Terror 1 Fear of the nuclear fall out i Policy of non use extended to include any weapons of unconventional capacity now includes biological and chemical Impacts relationship btw US USSR both nuclear powers by 1949 1 2 Neither US or USSR willing to ban nuclear weapons ever a Not getting rid of arsenal ii US USSR both signed it in 1968 1 Worked to limit capabilities but not eliminate them 2 Today every world power has signed this except India Pakistan Israel and South Sudan a North Korea had signed it but then pulled out of it iii The NPT is enforceable through sanctions UN UN Security Council 1 All nations subject to monitoring inspections f Biological 1972 and Chemical Weapons 1993 i Biological Weapons Treaty 1 World comes together to say they won t use biological weapons ii Chemical Weapons Convention 1 This is why Syria recently big issue claim that they have used chemical weapons against their own population a They supposedly gave Russia control of their chemical weapons g Disarmament vs Deterrence i Liberal approach disarmament 1 Remove and destroy weapons 2 Replace w vigorous diplomacy to solve disputes a Not even threatening to use weapons i Neither US USSR willing to go this route ii Only one power needed to defect ii Deterrence tried to have as many nuclear weapons as they could possibly have 1 Nuclear arms race a Atom bomb hydrogen bomb increased potential 2 Needed to have a lot of weapons ability to defend against attack a Reference definitions end of today s notes 3 Some people afraid that during this pursuit we could actually reach the war we were trying to avoid a 1960s process slows down b Arms control NOT disarmament i Eliminating the size of our arsenal ii We may not work on developing new technology 1 Trying to reach Balance of Capabilities iii Seeking to be more equally matched 1 Key having mutual vulnerability 4 Arms control wins out II Arms Control History see slide a From MAD to MAP i MAD Mutually Assured Destruction If one side pushes the button both will be devastated 1 2 Nation knows that if they push the button and that the other nation has 2nd strike capability we would NOT be …
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