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UGA ADSC 2010 - Milk Production and Calf Management
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ADSC 2010 1st Edition Lecture 31Outline of Last Lecture I. The Dairy IndustryII. Feedstuffs UtilizedA. Roughages1. Pasture2. HayB. ConcentratesIII. Milk/Dairy ProductionA. Mammary Glanda. Functionb. Udder Supportc. Udder Structures1. Alveoli2. Lobules3. Lobes4. Milk Ducts5. Gland Cistern6. Teat Cistern7. Streak Canal8. Teat SphincterIV. Milk Production/RegulationA. Mammary DevelopmentB. Hormonal control of LactationC. Milk Letdowna. Oxytocinb. Milking Ratec. AdrenalineV. Milk Production CycleA. ParturitionB. Colostrum ProductionOutline of Current Lecture I. Milk Production CycleA. Milk ProductionB. RebreedingC. End of LactationD. Dry Period II. Milk CompositionIII. Factors Affecting Milk ProductionA. BreedB. SizeC. AgeD. Length of Dry PeriodE. NutritionF. Body ConditionG. Milking FrequencyH. SeasonI. Disease J. ManagementIV. MastitisV. Calf ManagementA. Uses of Dairy CalvesB. Calf ManagementCurrent Lecture: I. Milk Production CycleA. Milk Production- After parturition, milk yield increases rapidly to a peak (about 45-90days)- Dairy cows generally lactate 10-12 months- Persistency: degree of maintenance of lactation- This month’s production / last month’s production x 100%- Normal persistency is about 85-90%- Peak production in Holstein is about 70-80 lbs. / day (8-10 gallons)- Milk production of a cow:- Total number of milk produced in lactation(adjusted to 305 days)B. Rebreeding- Want to keep production cycle at one year (avg. in US is 13-13.5 months)- Average cow in US is rebred at 90 D post-partum- Can rebreed at 45-60D if uterus has involuted and is healthy C. End of Lactation- Usually around 305DD. Dry Period (40-60D)- Need time in dry period or subsequent lactations will be less productive - Need time to rest and repair mammary gland- Need time for cow to replenish body tissuesII. Milk CompositionColostrum Transitional WholeItem 1D 3D 5DTotal Solids % 23.9 14.1 13.6Proteins % 14.0 5.1 4.1Casein % 4.8 3.8 2.9Immunoglobins 6.0 2.4 0.1Fat % 6.7 3.9 4.3Lactose % 2.7 4.4 4.7Minerals % 1.11 0.87 0.81III. Factors Affecting Milk ProductionA. Breed- Holstein: about 85% of US Dairy cattleB. Size- Larger cows make more milk (ROT: 10 x cow’s weight)C. Age- Heifers should be bred at 15 months to calve at 24 months- Peak production: 6-8 years- Mature cows produce about 25% more milk than two year olds- Average production life of Holstein: 5-6 yearsD. Length of Dry Period- Production cycle should be kept on a 12 month intervalE. Nutrition- Need concentrates to meet high energy requirements for milk production- At peak production, up to 60% of diet is concentrate- 16-18% protein- Roughage needed for milk fat!- Acetate: milk fatF. Body Condition- During parturition, a cow will secrete more calories into her milk than she consumesG. Milking Frequency- Most common 2X- 3X yield 15% > 2X- 4X yield 5% > 3XH. Season- Milk production is slower in summer months due to intake and temperatureI. Disease J. Management- Milking procedure- Complete milk-out- Use of bovine somatrotropin- Rumensin- Proper Sanitation IV. Mastitis: inflammation of udder- Caused by microbial infection- Streptococcus agalactiae- Staphylococcus aureus- Invasion through streak canal- Impairs alveolar function- Reduces milk yield - Increases white cell count- Can be horizontally transmitted through improper milking procedures (sanitation)- Losses from mastitis in the billions of dollarsV. Calf ManagementA. Uses of Dairy Calves- Replacement heifers- Need to replace ¼ to 1/3 per year- Breeding bulls- Veal production- Three months of age or <300 lbs.- Beef productionB. Calf Management- Weight = 80-100 lbs- Allow calf to nurse for 12-24 hours (colostrum)- Esophageal groove - Calf converted to milk replaces (up to 8 weeks)- 8-10% body weight- Overfeeding results in scours (number one cause of calf mortality)- 1-2 weeks old, calf starter and high quality hay- 16-20% protein- Hay starts rumen functioning- Wean at 2-3 months- Feed calf starter (>1 lb / day)- Hay free choice- Overfeeding can result in low milk production- Fat in udder- 10 months, heifers can be on high quality forage alone- Breed heifers at 15 months- 750-900 lbs.- Calve and into


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UGA ADSC 2010 - Milk Production and Calf Management

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