ADSC 2010 Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I Segments of the Ruminant Digestive System A Esophagus B Rumen a Contents b Papillae C Reticulum D Omasum E Abomasum Outline of Current Lecture I Other Unique Features A Babies B Rumen Inoculation C Symbiosis 1 Microbes 2 Ruminants II Rumination and Eructation A Rumination B Eructation III VFA Usage Energy Requirements A Absorbed B Travel Through IV Other Nutrients A Dietary Protein B NPN C Vitamins V Genetics A General Cellular Structure a Within the Nucleus 1 Chromosomes 2 Genes 3 DNA VI 4 Nucleotides B Transcription and Translation a Transcription b Translation More about Chromosomes A Chromosome Numbers 1 Sex Chromosomes Current Lecture I Other Unique Features A Babies basically monogastrics Esophageal groove or reticular groove allows milk to pass directly to abomasum B Rumen Inoculation Bacteria Rumen Occurs via maternal grooming contact C Symbiosis organisms living together to benefit both 1 Microbes home steady food supply anaerobic 2 Ruminants protein vitamins ability to eat forage II Rumination and Eructation A Rumination CUD CHEWING Regurgitation of ingest a from the reticulum followed by remastication and reswallowing B Eructation BELCHING 30 50l cattle hour gas production CH4 Removal to prevent bloating Regulates pH Bloating can occur from foam that encapsulates gas Mineral oil and tubes are good ways to release gas EXTREME CASE Throcar stainless steel tube with a huge needle that punctures the flank and hide into the rumen and can cause secondary infections III VFA Usage Energy Requirements A Absorbed Rumen mostly Omasum some Take 2C compounds glucose gluconeogenesis which is the reverse of glycolysis B Travel Through portal blood to liver Liver converts to glucose energy Available for fatty acid synthesis IV V Other Nutrients A Dietary Protein Digested by microbes Can use coatings to bypass rumen B NPN Microbes make protein NPN CHOs C Vitamins Requires A E D sunshine Don t require B or K Genetics science of heredity and variation Genetic material passes from parents through sperm and ova to offspring creating a link from generation to generation Variation the occurrence of difference among individuals of the same species A General Cellular Structure a Within the Nucleus 1 Chromosomes carry genes 2 Genes found in fixed locations o Basic unit of inheritance o Defined unit of DNA composed of a certain nucleotide sequence o Bases are classified as Purines Pyrimidines Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine 3 DNA double stranded molecule composed of nucleotides 4 Nucleotides i Pentose sugar ii Phosphate iii Nitrogenous base B Transcription and Translation a Transcription mRNA is formed from DNA Occurs in nucleus mRNA single stranded sequence is complementary uracil replaces thymine very unstable mRNA transported out of nucleus for translation b Translation occurs in cytoplasm VI Ribosome formed rRNA mRNA attaches to ribosomes providing the base sequence for specific protein CODON 3 base sequence tRNA attaches to specific amino acid based on a 3 base sequences ANTICODON tRNA and A A anti codon interact with mRNA CODON and amino acids are linked by peptide bonds to growing protein Used tRNA is released UGA stop codon for mRNA More about Chromosomes Chromosomes form in pairs and the number of chromosomes are constant All cells have a full set paired of chromosomes diploid 2n except for reproductive cells sperm ova haploid n One originated from the female and the other originated from the male A Chromosome Numbers Man 2n 46 23 pairs Cattle 2n 60 30 pairs Pig 2n 38 19 pairs Horse 2n 64 32 pairs Sheep 2n 54 27 pairs 1 Sex Chromosomes determines the sex of the animal from XY X is two to three times greater than Y XY Female XX Male 50 chance of either because of the infinite number of sperm and ova produced
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