3 Experiment i ii iii iv v i ii Bio 101 L Midterm Study Guide SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1 Observation each time i e g the plant is light green 2 Hypothesis phenomena must be testable Independent Variable the cause b c Dependent Variable the effect d Hypotheses Should a Objective those that can be verified involve counting or measuring b Subjective those that are observer specific and may not be interpreted the same e g a flower has 6 petals i a a tentative explanation of cause and effect based on underlying observed State 1 IV and 1 DV Have fewest variables possible Avoid using human feelings words like want desire Avoid use of purpose as explanation of cause Put in an if then format a The purpose of an experiment is to test a hypothesis b Experiments should alter the IV while keeping all other factors constant Have a control where all the factors are the same as the test group except the factor being tested is left in its unmanipulated state c Results are compared to predictions hypotheses may be disproved but are never proved only accept it on some level of confidence MICROSCOPE FOCUSING Magnification 40x objective 400x magnification 10x 100x etc Red 4x objective 40x magnification Yellow 10x objective 100x magnification Blue 40x objective 400x magnification ORGANISMS Prokaryotes unicellular organisms that lack membrane bound organelles including a nucleus most abundant in the world include bacteria and archaea Mostly asexual reproduction feeding mostly by absorption Eukaryotes cells with true nuclei and membrane bound organelles Bacteria includes bacteria and cyanobacteria blue green algae play an important role in nitrogen fixation and are important decomposers However also responsible for food spoilage and diseases for plants animals Cyanobacteria all of these blue green algae are photosynthetic and possess the pigment chlorophyll a and uses water in the process producing oxygen as a byproduct Some can also engage in nitrogen fixation Nitrogen Fixation convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into forms that can be Decomposers break down dead plants and animals returning organic material used by plants to system to be used by other animals Autotrophic Bacteria Chemosynthetic Bacteria Identifying Bacteria based on shape bacteria can be placed in 3 main categories Shapes Bacilli rod shaped Cocci small spheres Spirilla corkscrew shaped Staphylococcus bacterial colonies that are moist opaque off white yellow and seen in bunches if gram positive Most commonly seen on the skin Streptococcus bacterium forming tiny colonies transparent gram positive May be visible in mouth nose scrapings but tend to disappear in plate cultures Bacillus forms large colonies usually off white waxy looking stains gram Lactobacillus bacterium that uses milk sugar and converts milk to positive spores may be visible yogurt Coliforms bacterium that form colonies transparent foul smelling wet looking stains as small gram negative rods Psuedomonas similar to coliform but often form yellow green green or blue green pigment which diffuses in the medium of gram staining Gloeocapsa photosynthetic bacteria that is circular blue green or dyed purple and has gelatinous sheath around it Oscillatoria type of cyanobacteria that has long cylindrical colonial form and moves when filaments in the colonies can slide back and forth against each other until the whole mass is reoriented to its light source Yeast fungus that is easily viewed and is found in beer wine and baked goods With oxygen it oxidizes sugars into carbon dioxide In anaerobic environments CELLS Eukarya fungi are eukaryotic heterotrophic and generally multicellular e g yeast Cellular Motility Flagella long whip like structures that emerges from a cells anterior end and Cilia hair like protrusions on a cell membrane that are used for locomotion and aids in movement food capture Pseudopodia movement uses microtubules as false feet which extend from the body and full the rest of the cell along The microtubules anchor and pull cell structures with it Also use these feet to envelope prey through phagocytosis Oscillatory Motion cylindrical colonies move when filaments can slide back and forth against each other until the whole mass is reoriented to its light source Endosymbiont Theory implies that chloroplasts along with mitochondria were once prokaryotic cells that became engulfed by and through evolution developed a symbiotic relationship with the host cell Evidence includes the fact that they both make their own energy carry on their own cellular processes and have their own DNA Cells to Identify Protista Paramecium heterotrophic live in freshwater environments Able to see under microscope by feeding them Congo Red stained yeast Oral Groove fold on one long side of the paramecium cell into Food Ingestions food accumulates at the oral groove food which food is accumulated vacuole develops that envelopes food particles This vacuole has semipermeable membrane that allows digestion products to pass through the cytoplasm Food vacuole migrates and is expelled through anal pore Contractile Vacuole at both ends of the paramecium and extract excess fluid from the cell Euglena unicellular organism we looked at with both plant and animal characteristics can be photosynthetic and autotrophic or heterotrophic and engulf nutrients by phagocytosis Stigma an eyespot a light sensitive structure containing Pyrenoids organelles that store sugars and are associated with pigments known as carotenoids found in Euglena chloroplasts in Euglena Plantae Elodea common pond weed found in NC Saltwater vs Not Salt water Large gaps vs no gaps Cytoplasmic Streaming chloroplasts suspended in the cytoplasm moving throughout the cell Volvox colonial green algae spherical form connected by cytoplasmic stranfs and surrounded by thin mucilaginous layer Animalia Human Epithelial cells contain a prominent nuclei when stained Elodea Volvox Human Epitheliu m Euglena Parameciu m Amoeba Kingdom Plantae Plantae Animalia Protista Protista Protista EU EU EU EU EU Eukaryotic P rokaryotic EU Location of genetic info Type of movement Organelles Visible Nucleus Nucleus Nucleus Micronuclei Micronuclei Micronuclei none flagella none flagella cilia pseudopodi a chloroplast nucleus OSMOSIS PLASMOLYSIS SALT Diffusion going from high to low concentration no membrane Osmosis diffusion of water across a membrane Plasmolysis when the membrane swells or shrinks because of a change in the concentration of salt aka changes in tonicity
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