INR3003 Study Guide Exam 3 Nuclear Weapons Deterrence Proliferation I Why Don t We Use Our Nuclear Weapons A Destructiveness Firebombing Daisy Cutter B Battlefield Utility Tactical Nuclear Weapon C They re Wrong Immoral 1 Nuclear Taboo Nina Tannenwald 2 Human Tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki II Effects on Policy A NPT 1968 B Biological 1972 and Chemical Weapons 1993 C Disarmament vs Deterrence III Arms Control History see slide From MAD to MAP IV Nuclear Proliferation Realists on Weak New States V Constructivism and the nuclear norm of non use Additional Terms Balance of Terror Nuclear Triad ICBM First Strike Balance of Capabilities SDI Second Strike Capability Mutual Vulnerability From Princes to Peoples to Ideologies to Civilizations IV Why Has Civilizational Identity Increased in the Age of Globalization V Why Might We Have a Clash of Civilizations Clash of Civilizations Part I I Post Cold War Environment Samuel Huntington II What are the Civilizations III Conflict Becomes Civilizational A Western Power B Basic Differences C Immutable Culture D Us versus Them E Kin Country Syndrome VI Huntington s Predictions Class of Civilizations Part II I Islam vs the West Islam s Bloody Borders II Critiques of the Clash of Civilizations A Essentialism Africa and Islam B Too Monolithic C Can it be measured D Liberal Critique E Realist Critique F The Global Standard Critique Fukuyama etc III In Huntington s Defense Political Islam I Why do they hate us II Brief History of Islam A Muhammad 570 632 B Ummah C Five Pillars Prayer Shahada Alms Ramadan Hajj D Christianity vs Islam Clash of Civilization context 1 Qur an Hadith and Sunna 2 Islam s Relationship to the State Role of Conquest Shariah E Caliphate 1 Orthodox or Rightly Guided 632 661 A Four Uniting Bonds B Legitimists Shiites vs Umayyads Sunnis 2 Umayyad 661 750 3 Abbasid 750 1258 Seljuks Crusades Mongols Mamluks 4 Ottoman Empire 1299 1923 Quraysh Abu Bakr Umar Uthman Ali Ataturk Wahhabism to Militant Jihadism I 20th Century Humiliation Mustafa Kemal Ataturk II Rise of Reform and Radical Islamic Extremism A Two Types of Reform 1 Internal Fundamentalism 2 In Response to the West B Wahhabism 1 Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab 1703 1792 2 Conservative Teachings 3 Alliance with the Saud Family III Wahhabism to Jihadism A Saudi Connections to Extremism B The Double Edged Sword for the Saudis C Sayyid Qutb 1907 1966 1 Radical Fundamentalism 2 Opposition to the West Western friendly Leaders 3 Notable Followers Omar Rahman and Osama bin Laden 4 Opposition to the Nation State System 5 Goal Taliban Al Qaeda Madrasas Muslim Brotherhood Hamas Militant Jihadism to International Terrorism I Afghan War 1979 1989 A Deobandi Fundamentalism 1 Presence in Pakistan and Afghanistan 2 Ties to Wahhabism B Taliban C Mujahedeen D Support of Al Qaeda E Role of the US II Widespread is Extremist Islam a Evidence of Dissent Ex Arab Spring b Threatened Groups IV Why Terrorism V Intentions of Terrorism a Asymmetrical Warfare b Demonstration Effect VI Transnational Terrorism III Back to the question Why do they hate us Understanding Terrorism I Defining Terrorism A Difficulties and Gray Areas B Importance for us II So what is Terrorism A War vs Terrorism Ex Fort Hood Shooter and the Underwear Bomber B Just War Tradition Geneva and Hague Conventions III Are They Crazy Are They Criminals Problems of using psychology and criminology to understand the terrorists IV Rethinking who is a Terrorist V Terrorism Conclusion International Human Rights I Human Rights Development A Enlightenment Liberalism C Nationalism 1 Minority Issues 2 The Holocaust B Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 1789 D UN s Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 1 UN Human Rights Commission Council 2 International Criminal Court 1999 E Problems 1 Definition of Human Rights 2 State Relations 3 State Sovereignty F Rwanda 1 Hutu Tutsi UNAMIR RPF 2 Where was the help G Responsibility to Protect R2P H Human Trafficking Slavery Nuclear Weapons Deterrence Proliferation I Why Don t We Use Our Nuclear Weapons A Destructiveness Counterargument all weapons are destructive and we use plenty of other weapons Nuclear weapons are unconventional but many conventional weapons are also Ex World War II German bombing of Warsaw conventional bombing Warsaw was extremely destructive entirely devastated Ex World War II the allies used firebombing against both Germany and Japan the heat burned everything and sucked all of the oxygen obliterated cities such as Dresden Hamburg and Tokyo Daisy Cutter allows for a bomb to explode before impact increases the effect of the bomb increase the surface area increase the damage B Battlefield Utility We have the capabilities to fit a nuclear head on tactical weapons such as missiles Yet we still choose not to use them In other words we have ways of making nuclear weapons easy to use C They re Wrong Immoral It would be morally wrong to use nuclear weapons especially today when we know how deadly they are Nuclear Taboo Nina Tannenwald everything about nuclear weapons is considered taboo even merely threatening to use them Nuclear weapons have only been used in warfare against Japan at the end of World War II Hiroshima and Nagasaki After the war when Americans were polled and asked if they supported the use of the atomic bombs on Japan 80 said they supported the bombings context the US was attacked first under threat the use of the bomb could reduce the loss of life possible invasion of Japan Side note Why Hiroshima and Nagasaki Hiroshima is surrounded by mountains and we were unsure what to expect from the bomb seemed to be a safe bet At the end of WWII most military leaders believed that nuclear weapons were the future of warfare and the US began looking for ways to make nuclear weapons more usable Effects of the nuclear bomb in Hiroshima 70 000 people killed on impact August 1946 six months later 140 000 had died from the bomb moving into the 1950s 200 000 had died from the bomb radiation obliterated the population caused birth defects in the human and animal community The devastating aftermath of the bombings that continued even after peace set in as well as fears about contamination is the reason why nuclear weapons are unused today II Effects on Policy There have been aims to eradicate and control unconventional weapons Outlawing nuclear weapons was not a possibility because the United States was not going to give up its nuclear weapons especially once the Soviet Union
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