INR3003 Exam 3 Nuclear Weapons Deterrence 3 25 14 I Why Don t We Use Our Nuclear Weapons A Destructiveness Firebombing Daisy Cutters Most destructive weapons we have But isn t that the purpose of a weapon Yes All weapons designed to be destructive give us advantage over enemy WWII German bombing of Warsaw only true total war dropping bombs via airplane Firebombing dropping incendiary bombs over cities melted everything Dresden Hamburg Tokyo all victims Daisy Cutters device attached to bomb to make sure it explodes before it hits the ground because if it triggers on contact then the ground absorbs some of the blow Massive more destructive horizontal blow B Battlefield Utility Tactical Nuclear Weapons and Depleted Uranium Can t use nuclear power tactically on the battlefield False TNW Tactical Nuclear Weapons Smaller impact than big bombs but we can modify the artillery example torpedo s Smaller impact but able to harness the power and use it on the battlefields Bunker busters US has not used TNWs in Afghanistan Have used Depleted Uranium though in armor coding grenades mines Not a weapon but it s used to strengthen coat armor Does leave behind minor radioactive waste though C They re Wrong Immoral Common belief today The use of these weapons is immoral After WWII public opinion started to change and turned against these weapons Prior American public supported the use of atomic bombs because they were considered to be a powerful end to the war World opinion started to change though and non use was a new norm Universal rejection of using nuclear weapons D A Shift in World Opinion Occurs Human Tragedy of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Mushroom cloud over Hiroshima image Shadows burned into walls images Human tragedy went beyond war becomes something different People still suffering dying form these attacks years later Hiroshima 70 000 die on impact but number doubled over time 200 000 by 1950 War had ended and we didn t like that people were still dying Radioactive waste children born post war are deformed from radiation effects This radiation also poses a treat because there is a contamination factor that we can t control and could come back and effect us on a global scale We start to realize that the effects of this weapon are much greater than we anticipated The nature of this destructiveness long term impact was too much for people to accept Countries still seek to have offensive nuclear technologies despite the fact that world opinion had turned against it II New Norm Deterrence Balance of Terror If a war becomes nuclear both sides are destroyed Balance of power but also balance of terror The treat of destruction helps to bring about stability and deter countries from war Norms impacting policy and act to restrain us from using these weapons This goes beyond nuclear weapons starts to be applied to other weapons that are considered unconventional or exception in their ability to kill Never supposed to target civilians in warfare Nuclear weapons are indiscriminant in who they kill unconventional exceptional III Effects on Policy How do we deal with these weapons Either ban them or seek to control them If we ban them no one would agree to get rid of their nuclear weapons So that s unrealistic Major nuclear powers won t do it So our only option is to work to control them A NPT 1968 Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty NPT states US China Russia France Great Britain Non NPT states Pakistan India Israel North Korea pulled out of NPT South Sudan and Iran noncompliance with treaty Can t enforce something if they re not a part of the agreement NPT states Committed to non use Not to help any other country acquire them work to prevent proliferation Non development of nuclear weapons offensive nuclear technology Enforced by monitoring and there are consequences for those in noncompliance Problem terrorists don t recognize those laws and they re not held in check by deterrence Potential for them to use nuclear weapons is a major concern B Biological 1972 and Chemical Weapons 1993 World powers commit to nonuse of biological weapons and then later the Chemical Weapons Convention after Iran Iraq War Working to try and prevent the use of these weapons Have to find ways to destroy these weapons without impacting the community C Approaches to Controlling the Possession of Nuclear Weapons 1 Disarmament Rule this out because Russia and US weren t willing to disarm Liberal proposal everyone disarm and focus on international diplomacy to resolve our problems 2 Deterrence via Extreme Build up Nuclear Triad Multi faceted Nuclear age early years of Cold War the nuclear age was new and we were focused on extreme build up Develop nuclear arsenal as quickly as we could in order to try and deter our enemy Had to have a lot of weapons and had to be able to defend yourself against a nuclear attack and had to have the ability to strike back second strike capability If you re hit first that can t be the end Have to be able to hit enemy back and destroy them back Nuclear Triad makes this possible Land Sea Air Have nuclear capabilities in all three 3 Deterrence via Arms Control MAD Building up our nuclear arsenal doesn t seem to make sense because it seems more likely to result in war New strategy started implementing arms control because we started to fear that our efforts to protect ourselves might create an unwelcomed war 1 limit size of arsenals and limited the development of new weapons 2 worked to create a balance of capabilities Realism 3 had to maintain our vulnerability to our enemy and our enemy to us 4 reduce our defensive capabilities against a nuclear attack Why Because if we both were doing the same thing who would dare pull the trigger We both have the ability to destroy each other so a nuclear war is signing up for suicide essentially When you enter a war you assess what you have to gain and what you have to lose In nuclear war there is nothing to gain and absolutely everything to lose MAD Mutual Assured Destruction Both sides destroyed no doubt about it Dominant strategy after the Cold War IV Arms Control History see slide From MAD to MAP 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty forbade atmospheric testing limits new weapons because it limits our ability to test them 1968 NPT 1968 Salt I Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Reduction in development of new weapons 1972 ABM Treaty limited ICBM interceptors ABM antiballistic missile Aggregated by President Bush ended it because of North Korea and Iran When we have countries
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