Exam 2 Notes Democracy 2 11 14 I Post Cold War Predictions Mearsheimer Huntington Fukuyama M realist Old frame work to make predictions H gives us the clash of civilizations Similar to realists in that he predicts future conflict but for different reasons Liberals optimists looking for increased cooperation thru international organizations F also an optimist Famously proclaimed the the collapse of communism ushered in the end of history Believed that that was going to lead us into a new period of global democratization and prosperity II Waves of Democracy First wave initial wave Democracy comes to north America and Europe Product of the enlightenment Took hold due to the American revolution in US and French revolution in Europe WWI end initial wave of the spread of democracy Second wave after end of WWII Third wave of democracy Fukuyama s end of history is a response to this An expansion of democracy End of the Cold War allowed for this stage Not just North America and Europe becoming democratic widespread now III Fukuyama s End of History End of history seems to indicate something negative but that s not what he means at all The end point of man s ideological evolution and the universalization of western liberal democracy as the final form of human government Fukuyama That is his definition Simply saying man has reached their fulfillment in terms of political ideology Liberal democracy in particular end point Represented the fulfillment of that ideal form of government Looks at progression of mankind in terms of ideas Best form is the one that recognizes people as equals A Hegel German philosopher Fukuyama s inspiration Non materialistic view of history not military evolution Writing just before Carl Marx who writes in a materialistic view Looking at evolution argued that people have 3 basic components to their nature make up 1 the innate desire for survival 2 man has the ability to reason 3 most important force Fukuyama builds off of this one man has an innate spiritedness and in that innate spiritedness man desires recognition want recognition and approval of others That desire to be recognized that drives us into competition According to this viewpoint this works the same way for states States compete out f that desire for competition This is not a realist viewpoint goal isn t security it s prestige This is an identity perspective or constructivism Power would just be a means for this prestige constructivist Realist puts this in a reverse order States don t need to compete with one another for recognition because democracy recognizes everyone as equals If democracy spreads competition and conflict decrease Fukuyama takes Hegel s ideas and modernizes it to apply to his current times B Preeminence of Ideas People using ideas to find the best form of government Fukuyama s view of history emphasizes the preeminence of ideas When we re talking about identity ideas are a key component Common norms values are based off of a set of ideas View of history is specifically tracing that development of ideas Those ideas gave way to democracy type of government we have today They can also lead us into wars And shape our economic constructs capitalism C Teleological History Fukuyama says this evolution history of ideas is a teleological progression In other words it s not random There is a natural linear progression of ideas over time that reach their ultimate fulfillment in Liberal Democracy Like any story there is a beginning middle and an end Beginning go back to ancient times and look at social and political development of mankind primitive times Things progress Middle New sets of ideas emerge End End of History Liberal Democracy D Liberal Democracy How can we move away from forms of rule that are domination Equality as the basis of society How do we live together and make this work 1 we have to have a democratic style government has to truly recognize equality no justification for any form of government that seeks to dominate 2 governments have to have limitations Recognize we have to have some form of government anarchy doesn t work and these rules should be intended to benefit the individual but we limit the power of governments Some things we refuse to compromise on individual freedoms our right to own private property etc 3 economical organization must be capitalism Provides opportunity for all people Economy is run through the private sector not government These 3 ideally the most productive society for Fukuyama Fascism and Communism are a threat to Democracy Communism in West collapsed because the USSR collapsed Liberal Democracy wins out and that s why it is the End of History the triumph of Liberal Democracy Wars don t necessarily come to an end but major ideological wars will come to an end because we ve found the best form of government Problem with this idea very Western oriented It works for west but doesn t mean that it will work for everyone else A lot of people reject it because it is a Western construct IV Another Explanation for Democracy Modernization Theory Sees democracy as a byproduct of our modernization Also argue that modernization and development have helped to secure the success of democracy Occurs during great social economic change during industrialization A Industrialization Transforms society Development of new social classes Prior there were the nobles and the peasants the majority and they were ruled by the minority Not really a middle class The industrial revolution created more classes B Societies Transformed Emergence of Bourgeoisie Proletariat Urbanization Education Civil Society Bourgeoisie owners of these industries Benefited from the industrial revolution and became wealthy as a result Gain wealth but excluded from ruling class of the system Really start to push these constructs Proletariat the industrial workers Driving force of industrial revolution through their labor This class in particular was exploited Formed union and started to put pressure on the system granted them rights and then protection of these rights Urbanization served to congregate the people left farms and rural areas and began to live in same areas Congregated physically but also politically Living in cities and becoming a powerful force Education byproduct Population must be educated if we want a modernized society The intelligencia students professors us are historically the most informed politically active Helps to promote a Civil Society strong middle class Helps to
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