oco 1001 review exam 3 notes study questions half of the world s population lives within 200km of the coast 53 of U S population live in coastal heat capacity how much energy it takes to raise the temperature of an object water has a high heat capacity resists changing temperature acts to moderate climate i e much more species of land species vs marine species 86 vs 14 hundreds of cases of hypothermia are reported in florida every year marine mammals have body temperatures similar to ours 36 38 deg they stay warm by small surface area volume some use fur w oil or blubber thermoregulation in marine mammals large body size fur blubber adjust blood flow patterns diffusion flow from high concentration to low concentration osmosis water moves across a membrane into the more concentrated solution isotonic equal salinity to surrounding water hypertonic higher salinity than surrounding water hypotonic lower salinity than surrounding water marine fish drink large quantities of water secrete salt through special cells small volume of highly concentrated urine freshwater fish do not drink cells absorb salt large volume of dilute urine elasmobranchs high levels of urea in their tissues increase osmotic pressure and slow water loss secrete excess salt from specialized salt glands euphotic less than 100m enough light for photosynthesis disphotic between 100m and 1000m some light aphotic more than 1000m no light camoflauge cuttlefish octopus many marine organisms see well some marine organisms are nearly transparent to avoid predation countershading ex white underside dark top disruptive coloration ex coral reef adaptations to pressure pressure increases by about 1 atmosphere for every 10m of water depth reduce compressible air pockets collapsible ribcage store more oxygen in their blood life in the ocean key points composition of early atmosphere and how it relates to today s atmosphere miller urey and the importance of their experiment know the timeline of important life evolutionary steps how marine organisms are classified the atomsphere miller urey experiment demonstrated how organic molecules could be formed from a pre biotic soup the building blocks of life could be formed from the materials present on the early earth 3 5 billion years ago autotrophs self nourishment anaerobic without air chemosynthesis derive energy from inorganic chemicals hydrothermal vent 3 3 billion years ago oxygenic photosynthesis CO2 H2O CH2O O2 photosynthesis photo light using light energy and storing it as sugar clorophyll green leaf pigment used in photosynthesis respiration to breath CH2O O2 CO2 H2O opposite of CO2 H2O CH2O O2 2 5 billion years ago stomatolites colonial prokaryotic structures built up reefs in warm aquatic environments dominant life forms for near two billion years recall in early atmosphere O2 was low evidence of build up of O2 during proliferation of stromatolites the oxygen catastrophe as O2 began increasing in the atmosphere it caused the extinction of anaerobic bacteria via the build up of O2 and eventually O3 but O2 is much more efficient at energy storage proliferation more organisms evolve 1 8 billion years ago first eukaryote cells form 600 million years ago cambrian explosion first multi cellular organisms evolved burgess shale deposists contain fossils of early multi cellurlar organisms multi cellular life was still confined to oceans 400 million years ago land plants as O2 in early atmosphere increased as did development of OZONE O3 O3 shields against UV radiation allowing organisms to live on land water protected them before in short 4 billion years ago oceans formed 3 5 billion years ago earliest life heterotrophic 3 5 billion years ago anaerobic autotrophy 3 3 billion years ago Photosynthesis autotrophy 2 5 billion years ago Proliferation of Stromatolites 1 8 billion years ago Eukaryote cells form 600 million years ago multi cellular organisms arise 400 million years ago Evolution of Land plants living organisms consume and transform energy from the environment capable of reproduction adapt to the environment change through time domains bacteria archaea eukarya kingdom archaea bacteria plantae animalia fungi protista marine algae protozoans species genetically similar interbreeding individuals that share a collection of inherited characteristics plankton floaters nekton swimmers benthos bottom dwellers plankton wandering same greek root as planet drift with ocean current cannot control their horizontal position includes plants and animals animals zooplankton can control their vertical position by swimming the plants phytoplankton need to adapt to float really well photoplankton autotrophic zooplankton heterotrphic phyto plankton have shells diatom silicate shells most productive group coccolithophore calcium carbonate shells additional notes the ocean is 4 to 5 kilometers deep most of the ocean is dark and cold sunlight only penetrates the upper 100m of the ocean if you are a plant where is it best for you to live if you are a floating plant a phytoplankton how can you stay in this area marine creatures strategy for staying afloat increase buoyancy gas shells or swim bladder fat filled bladder soft bodies swim continuously phytoplankton adaptations to stay afloat appendages to increase surface area oil increases buoyancy adaptation viscosity if you float something on highly viscous fluid it will take longer to sink than on a low viscosity fluid thus warm less viscous plankton continued holoplankton spend their whole lives as plankton meroplankton spend larval juvenile stages as plankton but adults are benthos or nekton plankton classification based on size macroplankton large 2 20cm jellyfish and kelp picoplankton very small 0 2 2 microns bacterioplankton and virioplankton copepods zooplankton exoseleton chitinous protection 7 500 species among the most abundant multi cellular organisms plankton continued bacterioplankton bactera virioplankton viruses nekton swimmers all animals capable of moving independently of the ocean currents tuna squid whales crabs benthos organisms living on or in the ocean bottom epifauna live on the sea floor attached to rocks moving along the surface infauna live in the ocean bottom buried in sand shells or mud estuaries partially enclosed area where fresh river water mixes with ocean water 80 of shellfish filter for pollution protection against flooding recreation saltmarsh tidal zonation high primary productivity euryphaline capable of tolerating
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