OCE 1001 Study Guide Lecture 1- What are the 3 domains of life? (Ch. 12, Section “The Three Domains of Life”)Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya- What marine organism represents the vast majority of the ocean’s biomass? (Ch. 12, Section “How Are Marine Organisms Classified?”)Plankton - Plankton are organisms that float. Why is a copepod, which can swim and propel itself through the water, classified as plankton? (Ch. 12, Section “Plankton”)Because of its small size, it cannot swim very fast. - Organisms that can photosynthesize and produce their own food are called what? (Ch. 12, Section “Plankton”)Autotrophic- Organisms that only spend part of their life cycle as plankton are referred to as what? (Ch. 12, Section “Plankton”)Meroplankton - What are nektobenthos? (Ch. 12, Section “Benthos”)They live on the bottom yet also have the ability to swim or crawl through the water above the ocean floor. - What is the primary factor that limits life on the deep-ocean floor? (Ch. 12, Section “Benthos”)There is no sunlight so no photosynthesis can occur. Sparse food supply- Of Earth’s total number of species, why are the fewest in the marine pelagic realm? (Ch. 12, Section “How Many Marine Species Exist?”) It is a watery world that is quite uniform from one region to the next and does not experience extreme environmental variability to which organisms need to be adapted in order to survive. Uniform conditions in the pelagic realm make fewer specialized environments for organism adaptation as different species. - Why is the surface area to volume ratio important for phytoplankton? (Ch. 12, Section “Water’s Viscosity”)Phytoplankton cannot propel themselves, so they use the frictional resistance to maintain their general position near the surface of the water. A larger ratio provides higher resistance to sinking and less energy used to stay afloat. - Why do most fish and marine mammals have the same torpedo-like, streamlined shape? (Ch. 12, Section “Water’s Viscosity”)It enables efficient movement in water by allowing a marine organism’s body to produce as little stress as possible as it moves through and displaces water. The streamlined shape minimizes energy expendedto move throught the water. Lecture 2- Most fresh water fish are hypertonic, meaning their body cells contain more salt than the surrounding water. Since osmosis should push water into their cells, why don’t they explode? (Ch. 12, Section “Salinity”)Freshwater fish do not drink water and their cells have the capacity to absorb salt. They also excrete large volumes of very dilute urine to reduce the amount of water in their cells. - What is the primary difference between pelagic environment zones below the photic zone? (Ch. 12, Section “What Are Living Things, and How Are They Classified?”)The pelagic zones determine where life is going to be lived, but the photic zones determine the distribution of life. Increasing pressure with increasing depth. - What are the reasons the ocean has a smaller daily, seasonal, and annual temperature range than that experienced on land? (Ch. 12, Section “Temperature”)Heat capacity of water is much higher than that of land, the warming of the ocean is reduced because ofevaporation, radiation received at the surface of the ocean can penetrate several tons of meters deep and distribute its energy throughout a very large mass, and water has good mixing mechanisms. - What is the definition of eurythermal? (Ch. 12, Section “Temperature”)Organisms that are not affected by different temperatures and can withstand large and even rapid changes in temperature. - Freshwater fish are isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic relative to their environment? (Ch. 12, Section “Salinity”)Hypertonic- How does water pressure change with depth? (Ch. 12, Section “Pressure”)The pressure continues to increase with depth.- What is the euphotic zone? (Ch. 12, Section “What are the main divisions of the marine environment?”)It accounts for only 2.5% of the marine environment. It extends from the surface to a depth where enough light still exists to support photosynthesis. - What are the 4 biozones of the oceanic province? (Ch. 12, Section “What are the main divisions of the marine environment?”)epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, and abyssopelagic- What is the neritic province? (Ch. 12, Section “What are the main divisions of the marine environment?”)It extends from the shore seaward and includes all water less than 200 meters deep. - What is the deepest zone of the suboceanic province? (Ch. 12, Section “Benthic Environment”)The Hadal zone extends below 6000 meters (20,000 feet)Lecture 3- Biological oceanographers discuss about biomass frequently. Just what is biomass? (Ch. 13, Section “What is Primary Productivity?”Biomass is the mass of living organisms. the total mass of all organisms of a given class. - What is the difference between gross primary productivity and net primary productivity? (Ch. 13, Section “What Kind of Photosynthetic Marine Organisms Exist?”)Gross productivity is the amount of organic carbon created by photosynthesis per unit of time and net is the gross minus the amount of organic carbon consumed by the photosynthesizes - What are the two primary factors that control biologic productivity in the surface oceans? (Ch. 13, Section “Factors Affecting Primary Productivity”)The availability of nutrients and solar radiation - What is the biological pump? (Ch. 13, Section “How Does Regional Productivity Vary?”)It is the process of removing material from euphotic zone to the sea floor. - Why is upwelling such an important factor in creating areas of high biologic productivity? (Ch. 13, Section “How Does Regional Productivity Vary?”)When chilled water from below the surface rises, it hoists nutrients from the depths to the surface, where phytoplankton thrive and food for larger organisms. - Why are sessile, plant-like macroalgae (i.e., those attached to the ocean bottom) only found in littoral and sub-littoral environments? (Ch. 13, Sections 13.2, Section “Macroscopic (Large) Algae”)The vast majority of marine photosynthetic productivity occurs within the surface layer of the ocean to adepth of 100 meters, which corresponds to the depth of the euphotic zone. They require light to reach the ocean bottom - Given what you know about surface productivity, where do you think that sunlight penetrates
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