iChapter 12What are the 3 domains of life?Bacteria, Archaea, EukaryaWhat marine organism represents the vast majority of the ocean’s biomass?PlanktonPlankton are organisms that float. Why is a copepod, which can swim and propel itself through the water, classified as plankton?Because of its small size, it cannot swim very fast or very far, so currents determine its location.Organisms that can photosynthesize and produce their own food are called what?AutotrophicOrganisms that only spend part of their life cycle as plankton are referred to as what?MeroplanktonWhat are nektobenthos?A benthos (living in or on the ocean floor) that has the ability to swim or crawl through the water above the ocean floorWhat is the primary factor that limits life on the deep-ocean floor?There is a limited food supplyOf Earth’s total number of species, why are the fewest in the marine pelagic realm?The more variable the environment, the more species that are generally present. Since the ocean is has very uniform conditions new species are less common.Why is the surface area to volume ratio important for phytoplankton?The larger the organism the higher the frictional resistance is from sinkingWhy do most fish and marine mammals have the same torpedo-like, streamlined shape?Minimizes the energy needed to move through waterMost freshwater fish are hypertonic, meaning their body cells contain more salt than the surrounding water. Since osmosis should push water into their cells, why don’t they explode?They excrete large volumes of dilute urine to reduce water amounts in their cellsWhat is the primary difference between pelagic environment zones below the photic zone?As depth increases so do the pressureWhat are the reasons the ocean has a smaller daily, seasonal, and annual temperature range than that experienced on land?Oceans have higher heat capacity, evaporation cools the water, as well as ‘mixing’ mechanisms (waves, currents, tides)What is the definition of eurythermal?Species that are little affected by different temperatures, so they can withstand large, rapid changes in temperatures.Freshwater fish are isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic relative to their environment?Freshwater fish are hypertonicHow does water pressure change with depth?It increases 1kg per cm^2 with every 10m of water depthWhat is the euphotic zone?From the surface down to where light still exists for photosynthesis. 2.5% of marine environmentWhat are the 4 biozones of the oceanic province?Epipelagic: surface to 200 metersMesopelagic: 200 to 1000 metersBathypelagic: 1000 to 4000 metersAbyssopelagic: 4000 meters to belowWhat is the subneritic province?Extends from the shore towards the sea, includes all water less than 200m deep.What is the deepest zone of the suboceanic province?The hadal zoneChapter 13What is biomass?All marine lifeWhat is the difference between ‘gross’ primary productivity and ‘net’ primary productivity?Gross: total amount of organic carbon produced by photosynthesis.Net: Gross primary minus cellular respiration (growth, reproduction)What are the two primary factors that control biologic productivity in the surface oceans?Nutrients and sunlightWhat is the ‘biological pump’?Removes material from euphotic zone to ocean floorPumps CO2 and nutrients and concentrates them in the deep-sea waters and sea floor sedimentsWhy is upwelling such an important factor in creating areas of high biologic productivity?Upwelling brings nutrient-rich deep water to the surface where productivity is limited by the availability of nutrientsWhy are sessile, plant-like macroalgae (attached to the ocean bottom) only found in littoral and sub-littoral environments?They require light to reach the ocean bottom, which only occurs in these two zones.Where does the sunlight penetrate deepest in the ocean?OligotrphicIn photosynthesis, what two things must come together with light energy input to produce sugar and oxygen?Carbon dioxide and waterWhat influences ocean color?Depends on the suspended solids including photosynthesis organismsWhat is responsible for the red tide phenomenon?The flourishing of dinoflagellates. They are so abundant that the water becomes discolored and takes on a red hue.What are 3 basic categories of organism that exist within an ecosystem?Producers, consumers, decomposersWhat is suspension feeding?Also known as filter feeding, filters water for plankton.What is the gross ecological efficiency?The ratio of energy passed on to the next level is divided by the energy received from belowWhat is a food chain?Sequence of organisms through which energy is transferredWhat is a food web?A food chain that branches offWhat is a biomass pyramid?Shows the energy transfer between levelsAs you go towards the top of the pyramid the biomass and number of organisms decreaseWhat is meant by the term fisheries?Fish caught in the ocean by commercial fishersWhat is a standing stock?The mass % in an ecosystem at a given timeExplain maximum sustainable yield?The maximum fishery biomass that can be removed yearlyWhat is incidental catch or bycatch?Marine organisms that are caught accidently by fishersChapter 14What strategies or methods help an organism float?They have adaptions to increase surface areaOthers produce oil to help maintain neutral buoyancyWhat are common characteristics or adaptions for a fish that lives a cruising lifestyle?Red muscle tissue (25-50 meters diameter) supplies the fish with greater amounts of oxygen, much higher metabolismLunate or Heterocercal finsWhat advantages does schooling behavior offer?Ensures fertilization of eggsAllows smaller fish to feed in area with aggressive fishProtects fish from predatorsWhat are some of the common adaptions for deep-water nekton?Low metabolism ratesGood sensory devices to find foodBioluminesce to seeLarge eyesLarge sharp teethExpandable bodies to accommodate large food itemsHinged JawsWhat is the purpose of a fish’s swim bladder?Fills with oxygen, allows fish to achieve neutral buoyancyWhat is a general rule to help determine how fast a given fish can swim?The larger the fish, generally, the faster it can swimWhy is the ability to bioluminescence beneficial?Searching for foodAttracting preyStaking out territoryCommunicationEscaping predators by blinding themCamouflagingWhat group of animals makes up the majority of the ocean’s zooplankton biomass?CopepodsWhat are some examples of macroscopic zooplankton?Krill, cnidarians, hydrozoan, scyphozoanWhat are
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