These questions are based on class material and the following sections in Trujillo and Thurman (2011): Introduction, Chapter 1, Chapter 4 (pages 113-115; and 123- 125), and Appendices I, II, and III. 1. Has the chemical composition of ocean water remained constant through geologic time? No because of human life and mixing material in the mantle2. Could the earth’s mantle have produced enough water to fill the oceans? Yes, b/c gasesfrom within earth rose to the surface where they were expelled to from earth's atmosphere3. What do we call organisms that can make their own food from inorganic carbon sources? Autotrophs4. What do we call organisms that can break down organic molecules produced by other organisms to release energy? Respiration5. Why did the separation of the Earth into layers occur? Plate Tectonics6. What gases did the earth’s early atmosphere (from outgassing) include? ammonia, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane7. How can we use natural radioactive isotopes to determine the age of earth materials? By comparing the amt of radioactive material and the amount of decay in rocks8. What do we call lines on the earth’s grid system that run parallel to each other in an east-west direction and measure locations north or south? Latitude9. What is a simple and reliable way to measure latitude? By the sun or the North Star10. Where is the deepest spot in the world’s ocean? Mariana Trench11. What are manganese nodules? Rock consecrations on the sea bottom, mineral resource12. What are gas hydrates? Compact chemical structure made of water and natural gas, forming ice13. Who was the 1st European explorer to circumnavigate the earth? Magellan started thevoyage but Del Cano finished due to Magellan’s death.14. Is population growth linear or exponential? What is the “Rule of 70” for estimating population growth? Exponential. Rule of 70 - 70 divided by rate of growth15. What countries have some of the fastest growing populations in the world? China, India, Nigeria, and Ethiopia. Are some countries losing population? Yes16. There are 17 “megacities” (greater than 10 million populations) in the world today. Most of them (11) are in what region of the world? Asia17. What city has the highest population in the world at around 30 million? Tokyo18. What are some mineral resources that are currently exploited from the sea bed? What mineral resources may be a future resource? Granular sediments, placer minerals, hydrothermal deposits, hydrogenetic minerals.19. What is the “Exclusive Economic Zone?” a seazone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. It stretches from the seaward edge of the state's territorial sea out to 200 nautical miles from its coast20. The world fish catch seems to have leveled off at around 80-90 million tons annually in spite of the fact that we have better technology and more ships involved in fishing. Why has this happened? Government regulations and fish population lowering because of overfishing. These questions are based on class material, and chapter 16 (“The Oceans and Climate Change”) in Trujillo and Thurman (2011). 1. True/False: The Earth's climate system involves the exchange of heat and water among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and cryosphere. -True2. True/False: Feedback loops are the interactions among the Earth's five spheres that either reinforce or negate changes in climate. -True3. True/False: There is a significant positive correlation with sunspot activity and mean global temperature. -False4. True/False: Volcanic eruptions have no impact on global climate patterns, they only affect local climate. -False5. True/False: Decrease of summer ice cover in the Arctic Ocean has had a significant impact on Arctic wildlife. -True6. The zone in the ocean where sound can travel extremely long distances is called SOFAR channel. 7. The atmospheric component that contributes to the majority of greenhouse warming on Earth is _carbon dioxide_. 8. Natural causes for global climate change include which processes? Changes in solar energy, variation in earths orbit, movement of tectonic plates9. Which atmospheric constituent has the greatest ability to absorb heat (on a per molecule basis)? Chloroflourocarbons10. An agreement amongst 60 nations to voluntarily limit greenhouse gas emissions is called the __Kyoto_ Protocol.Study Questions #3 Spring 2011 These questions are based on class material and chapter 2 in Trujillo and Thurman (2011).1. What characteristic of the seafloor supports the idea that subduction must take place? The relatively young age of seafloor2. What is the relationship between the magnetic north pole and the geographic North Pole? They do not coincide 3. New crust is formed at Ridges (ocean-floor feature) and old crust is subducted at Trenches (ocean-floor feature). 4. Do you find older seafloor rocks at mid-ocean ridges or in trenches? Trenches5. What type of plate boundary has the most earthquakes? Transform 6. Are deep-focus earthquakes more common in trenches or along mid-ocean ridges? Trenches7. Does the magnetic field of the Earth reverse itself each time magma erupts at a mid-ocean ridge? No8. Give an example of a fast-moving spreading ridge and a slow-moving ridge. Which onetends to be more gently sloped than the other? Fast moving ridge – East Pacific RiseSlow Moving Ridge – Mid Atlantic Ridge9. Are deep-sea trenches found at convergent or divergent plate boundaries? Convergent10. Are the earthquakes at divergent plate boundaries shallow or deep focus? Shallow Focus11. How can fossils found in marine sediments provide evidence concerning plate tectonics? The same fossils of certain species have been found on different continents around the world suggesting that the world was one land mass at a period in time. 12. All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along what depth contour? 2000 meters 13. How is it that fossils of ancient polar plants are currently found near the equator? During Pangaea, all the continents were linked together at the equator14. Is the climate distribution on Earth primarily controlled by latitude or longitude? Latitude15. Provide four pieces of evidence that supported continental drift. The fitting of the continents, matching sequences of rocks and mountain chains, glacial ages and other climate evidence, and distribution of organisms. 16. What was the
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