OCE1001DR. AMY BACO-TAYLORChapters 12 – 15LifeConsumes and energy and self-replicatesWorking Definition:- Capture, store and transmit energy- Capable of reproduction- Can adapt to their environment- Change through timeClassification of LifeThree Domains- Archaea- Bacteria- Eukarya Key Characters of Bacteria- single celled- Microscopic- Usually lack a nucleus- Lack organellesKey Characters of Archaea- single celled- bacteria like- Particularly abundant in extreme environments- Include “atypical” physiologies such as methane producers and sulfur oxidizersKey Characters of Eukarya- Single celled or multi cellular- Discreet nucleus- Celled organellesClassifications of Living OrganismsFive Kingdoms- Monerao Simplest organisms, single celledo Cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, archaea- Protoctistao Single and multi celled with nucleuso Algae, protozoa- Fungio Mold, licheno Decomposerso Very few marine- Planateo Multi celled photosynthetic plantso Surf grass, eelgrass, mangrove, march grasses- Animalia o Multi celled animalso Range from simple sponges to complex vertebrateso HumansTaxonomic ClassificationCarolus Linnaeus – 1758- Developed basis of modern classification of scienetic nomenclatureTaxonomy – systematic classification of organisms- Physical characteristics - Genetic informationTaxonomy- Kingdom- Phylum- Class- Order- Family- Genus- Specieso Fundamental unito Population of genetically similar, interbreeding individualsProper binomial nomenclature- Genus Species or Genus Specieso Homo sapiensKey Terms- Biomass – the mass of the living organisms- Biodiversity – the number of species, species richness, evenness- Abundance – the number of individuals- Density – the number of individuals per unit areaClassification of Marine Organisms- Plankton (floats)- Nektons (swimmers) - Benthos (bottom dwellers) 98 %I. PlanktonMost biomass on Earth consists of plankton- Phytoplanktono Autotrophic- Zooplanktono Heterotrophic- Bacterioplanktono Small yet abundant- Virioplanktono VirusesOther ways to Classify Plankton- Holoplanktono Entire lives as plankton- Meroplanktono Part of lives as planktono Juvenile or larval stages Example: Squid- Macroplanktono Large floaters such as jellyfish and Sargassum- Picoplanktono Very small floaters such as bacterioplanktonII. Nekton- Independent swimmers- Most adult fish and squid- Marine mammals- Marine reptilesIII. Benthos- Epifauna live on the surface of the sea floor- Infauna live buried in sediment.- Nektobenthos swim or crawl through water above the seafloor.- Density relatively constant with depth, but biomass decreases.- Many live in perpetual darkness, coldness and stillness.The Deep Sea- Greater than 200m- Average depth is 3800m- Max depth right about 11000m- Approx 64% of the surface of the earth- Deep seafloor area – 326 million square km- DEEPSEA IS THE LARGEST ECOSYSTEM ON EARTHHydrothermal Vent Communities- Abundant and large deep-ocean benthos- Discovered in 1977- Associated with hot vents- Bacteria-like archaeon produce food using heat and chemicals- High biomass and low diversity. Number of Marine Organisms- Land Species 86 %- Marine Species 14 %- 250, 000 marine species- Keep in mine less accessible, less time, less funding, less explored.What are the 3 domains of
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