What are the 3 domains of life Eukaraya archea and bacteria What marine organism represents the vast majority of the ocean s biomass Plankton Plankton are organisms that float Why is a copepod which can swim and propel itself through the water classified as plankton Because of its small size it cannot swim very fast or very far so its location is determined by currents Organisms that can photosynthesize and produce their own food are called what autotrophic Organisms that only spend part of their life cycle as plankton are referred to as what Meroplankton What are nektobenthos Organisms that live on the bottom but can swim or crawl through the water What is the primary factor that limits life on the deep ocean floor Sparse food supply Of Earth s total number of species why are the fewest in the marine pelagic realm Uniform conditions in the pelanic reform Why is the surface area to volume ratio important for phytoplankton A larger ratio provides higher resistance to sinking and less energy to stay afloat Why do most fish and marine mammals have the same torpedo like streamlined shape The streamlined shape minimizes the energy expended to move through the water Most fresh water fish are hypertonic meaning their body cells contain more salt than the surrounding water Since osmosis should push water into their cells why don t they explode They urinate a lot so the water does not build up They don t drink any water since they get so much from osmosis their cells have adapted to absorb salt they have adapted to live with high osmotic pressure ALL OF THE ABOVE What is the primary difference between pelagic environment zones below the photic zone Increasing pressure with increasing depth What are the reasons the ocean has a smaller daily seasonal and annual temperature range than that experienced on land ALL OF THE ABOVE What is the definition of eurythermal Organisms that can tolerate large changes in temperature Freshwater fish are isotonic hypertonic or hypotonic relative to their environment Hypertonic How does water pressure change with depth Pressure increases with depth What is the euphotic zone The zone where there is enough light to support photosynthesis What are the 4 biozones of the oceanic province 1 epipelagic 2 mesopelagic 3 bathypelagic 4 abyssopelagic What is the neritic province The zone with water depths less than 200 M What is the deepest zone of the suboceanic province The hadal zone Biological oceanographers discuss about biomass frequently Just what is biomass The total mass of all organisms of a given class What is the difference between gross primary productivity and net primary productivity gross productivity is the amount of organic carbon created by photosynthesis per unit of time and net productivity is the gross minus the amount of organic carbon consumed by the photosynthesizers What are the two primary factors that control biologic productivity in the surface oceans Sunlight and nutrients What is the biological pump The removal of organic matter and nutrients from surface water to deep water through the sinking of dead surface dwelling organisms Why is upwelling such an important factor in creating areas of high biologic productivity Upwelling brings nutrient rich deep water to the surface where productivity is limited by the availability of nutrients Why are sessile plant like macroalgae i e those attached to the ocean bottom only found in littoral and sub littoral environments They require light Given what you know about surface productivity where do you think that sunlight penetrates deepest into the ocean Middle gyre In photosynthesis what two things must come together with light energy input to produce sugar and oxygen water CO2 What influences ocean color The level of turbidity as a result of runoff the level of photosynthetic pigment which has positive correlation with biological production Both A B What is responsible for the red tide phenomenon Red tide occurs in patches of water where certain species of dinoflagellates flourish They are so abundant that the water becomes discolored and takes a red hue What are the 3 basic categories of organism that exist within an ecosystem producers consumers and decomposers What is suspension feeding The use of specialized structure to filter water for food What is the gross ecological efficiency The ratio of energy passed onto the next higher trophic level divided by the energy received from the trophic level below What is a food chain Sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred What is a food web A feeding relationship between all organisms in an ecosystem What is a biomass pyramid The number of individuals and total biomass decrease at successive trophic levels What is meant by the term fisheries Fish caught from the ocean by commercial fishers What is a standing stock The mass present in an ecosystem at a given time Explain maximum sustainable yield The maximum fishery biomass that can be removed yearly and still be sustained by the fishery ecosystem What is incidental catch or bycatch Includes any marine organisms that are caught incidentally by fishers seeking commercial species What strategies or methods help an organism float Having many appendages to create drag having a soft low density body having a swim bladder having a gas chamber inside a shell What are the common characteristics or adaptations for a fish that lives a cruising lifestyle A streamlined torpedo shaped body a preponderance of red muscle tissue a higher body temp the ability to generate short bursts of high speed What advantages does schooling behavior offer Being together reduces the probability of running into a predator fish the school may appear as a larger more dangerous organism to a predator the appearance of many fish may confuse an attacking predator What are some of the common adaptations for deep water nekton Large eyes bioluminescence ability to eat large infrequent meals dark coloration What is the purpose of a fish s swim bladder enables the fish to achieve neutral buoyancy What is a general rule to help determine how fast a given fish can swim the bigger the fish the faster it can probably swim Why is the ability to bioluminescence beneficial food may be found even in the darkest parts of the ocean or at night signals may be sent out to communicate an interest in mating the light may momentarily distract predators allowing the organism a chance to escape it can camouflage the underbelly of the fish by
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