Oceanography Exam 3 Study Guide i Clicker Questions 1 Of Earth s total number of species why are the fewest in the marine pelagic realm Uniform conditions in the pelagic realm make fewer specialized environments for organism adaptations as different species 2 What are Eukarya Archaea and Bacteria The 3 domains of life 3 What marine organism represents the vast majority of the ocean s biomass Plankton 4 Plankton are organisms that float Why is a copepod which can swim and propel itself through the water classified as plankton Because of its small size it cannot swim very fast or very far so its location is determined by currents 5 What is an autotrophic organism An organism that can photosynthesize and produce their 6 What is meroplankton Organisms that only spend part of their life cycle as plankton 7 Organisms that live on the bottom but can swim or crawl through the water are called what own food Nektobenthos 8 What is the primary factor that limits life on the deep ocean floor Limited food supply 9 Why is the surface area to volume ratio important for phytoplankton A larger ratio helps them stay afloat by providing more resistance to sinking 10 Why do most fish and marine mammals have the same torpedo like streamlined shape The streamlined shape minimizes energy expended to move through the water 11 What are the reasons the ocean has a smaller daily seasonal and annual temperature range than that experienced on land All of the above 12 What is the definition of eurythermal Organisms that can tolerate large changes in temperature 13 Freshwater fish are isotonic hypertonic or hypotonic relative to their environment Hypertonic 14 Most fresh water fish are hypertonic meaning their body cells contain more salt than the surrounding water Since osmosis should push water into their cells why don t they explode To reduce the amount they do not drink water volumes of dilute urine 15 How does water pressure change with depth Pressure increases with depth 16 What is the euphotic zone The zone where there is enough light to support photosynthesis 17 What is the term used to refer to the total mass of all living organisms Biomass 18 In photosynthesis what three things must come together to produce sugar and oxygen Light water and carbon dioxide 19 What is the difference between gross productivity and net productivity Gross productivity is all the organisms photosynthesizers while Net productivity leftover after subtracting the organisms respiration 20 Why are sessile plant like macroalgae i e those attached to the ocean bottom only found in littoral and sub littoral environments They require light to reach the ocean bottom which only occurs in these two zones 21 What is responsible for the red tide Red tide occurs in patches of water where certain species of dinoflagellates flourish They are so abundant that the water becomes discolored and takes on a red hue 22 What are the two primary factors that control biologic productivity in the surface oceans 23 What influences ocean colors It depends on the amount of suspended solids including Nutrients and sunlight photosynthetic organisms 24 What are the 3 basic categories of organisms that exist within an ecosystem in terms of energy and matter transfer Producers consumers and decomposers 25 The use of specialized structures to filter water for food is called what Suspension feeding 26 What is the gross ecological efficiency The energy passed to the next higher trophic level divided by the energy received from the trophic level below 27 What is the term used to describe a sequence of organisms through which energy is transferred Food chain and total biomass decreases marine organisms by fishers 28 What is a food web The feeding relationships between all organisms in an ecosystem 29 What is a biomass pyramid At successively higher trophic levels the number of individuals 30 What is incidental catch or bycatch The unintentional or accidental catch of non targeted 31 What is a standing stock The total mass of a population present in an ecosystem at a given time and B 32 What is the term used to refer to the fish caught from the ocean by commercial fishers Fisheries 33 Explain maximum sustainable yield The maximum biomass that can be removed from a fishery without depleting the standing stock 34 What is the purpose of a fish s swim bladder Enables the fish to achieve neutral buoyancy 35 What strategies or methods help an organism float A B and C help 36 What group of animals makes up the majority of the ocean s zooplankton biomass Copepods 37 Which of the following characteristics are representative of a fish that lives a cruising lifestyle A 38 On average how fast can a fish swim if its body length is 1 meter Up to 3 meters per second 39 Schooling behavior is thought to offer fish several advantages Which one of the following is NOT an advantage of schooling The appearance of many fish may confuse an attacking predator 40 Why is the ability to bioluminescence beneficial All of the above 41 Most shallow water corals have dinoflagellates living in their structures These dinoflagellates carry out photosynthesis providing nutrition for the coral while the coral provides protection for the dinoflagellate This is an example of Mutualism 42 Why do marine mammals look and behave similar to fish They both have adapted for moving efficiently in water 43 Which of the following characteristics are found in marine animals All A B and C 44 Which of the following characteristics are found in seals A and B only 45 Why do baleen whales such as the blue whale eat small creatures such as krill Krill are highly abundant because they are near the bottom of the food web and so there is more biomass to support large animals 46 Which is NOT an adaptation that marine mammals have that allow for deep diving They can acquire oxygen dissolved in the water 47 Toothed whales have an organ called the melon what is it and what is it used for It is a sensory organ used to focus sound for communication and echo location 48 Why does the distribution of benthic organisms match the distribution of surface productivity Benthic organisms depend on the food supply from surface waters so if productivity is high then more food reaches them 49 What are some common adaptations for organisms that live in rocky shores All of the above 50 How does predation intensity vary within the Rocky Intertidal Zone Predation increases as you move deeper into the intertidal zone 51 How do the factors
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