LECTURE 1 1 What is the difference between a sea and an ocean A Seas are smaller in area B Seas are shallower in average depth C Seas are partly enclosed by land D Seas have a salinity that is different from the main oceans E All the above 2 Which is not true about the earth after its formation A There were no ocean B Metals had not yet coalesced in the Earth s center to form the core C The atmosphere was composed mostly of oxygen D The surface was Bombarded by meteorites E There was not yet a moon mantle exterior 3 Why does the earth have a nickel iron core at its center surrounded by silicate A The core formed first from metallic meteorites B The intense pressure at the center of the Earth caused primordial nebular material to trans mutate into metal C A metal core occurs at the center of most planets D Because it is more massive the core material sank to the center of the Earth E Silicates are less rigid than metal so the mantle and crust flowed outward to the 4 Why is the continental crust higher than ocean crust A Continental crust is higher because more material beneath it B Ocean crust has to cover 70 of the earth s surface so it is spread out and C Continental crust is less massive and higher because it is hotter than ocean crust D The granite type rock that makes up much of continental crust naturally forms E Continental crust is thicker and less dense than ocean crust so it floats higher therefore thinner mountains to the mantle 5 Continental and ocean crusts have different levels because oceanic crust is denser assuming no difference in structure what would happen if the two types of crust were made of the same material a The height difference would remain the same b There would still be a difference because continental crust is thicker than ocean crust but the heights would be nearly the same c Continental crust is thicker so the height difference would increase d e Because the oceanic crust is thinner it would float higher Isostasy would no longer apply since both types would have the same mass 1 What invention made accurate open ocean navigation possible by determining LECTURE 2 longitude A Alidade B Sextan C Chronometer D Orrery E Magnetic Compass 2 Charles Darwin considered a career sa a minister what would have happened to the theory of evolution had he not become a scientist instead A The theory of evolution would not exist B Somebody else would have proposed the same idea at about the same C Somebody else would have proposed the same idea but probably not until time much later D The theory of evolution would be much different than it is today E He would have still published the theory of evolution anyway 3 Radio isotopes of potassium decay to argon If a rock sample begins with 12 billion K40 atoms What will the quantities of K40 and AR40 be after 1 half life and 2 half lives A 9 billion K40 Atoms and 3 Billion Ar40 atoms 4 Which of the following is not true about the oxygen on earth A It shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation B It is necessary for respiration for many Organisms C It is essential for anaerobic bacteria s survival D It is a byproduct of photosynthesis E When oxygen concentrations are high speciation occurs rapidly 5 What is a scientific theory A A proven face B An explanation for a natural phenomenon that is supported by many observations and widely accepted C The same thing as a hypothesis D An explanation for a natural phenomenon that has the approval of scientific E An explanation for a natural phenomenon that is thought by many people to leaders be true LECTURE 3 1 Where do most of the largest earthquakes occur A Convergent Plate Boundaries 2 Why are oceanic ridges different from oceanic rises B Oceanic rises spread quickly and produce vast amounts of rock while ocanic ridges spread slowly and accumulate steeply 3 In relation to plate tectonics what is a major overall trend in earthquakes A Earthquakes occur at plate boundaries 4 What happens when plate tectonics causes two continents to collide at convergent plate boundary D One continent is subducted into the mantle 5 Transform plate boundaries are parallel to the relative motion between two plates What would happen if the direction of plate motion changes C transform boundary would turn into another type of boundary either convergent or divergent depending on the direction LECTURE 4 1 Global temperature rise increases the amount of cloud cover because of the higher moisture available in the atmosphere These clouds then reflect incoming solar energy disallowing some of that energy to heat the earth s surface In this way the over temperature is increased This process is called B A negative feedback loop 2 Global temperature rise increases evaporation rates As a result more water vapor is released into the atmosphere This water vapor absorbs heat from earth s surface before escaping into space Results in more water vapor This process is called A A positive feedback loop 3 The general scientific consensus is that if levels of human cause emissions continue to increase what will happen C Overall earth will get warmer and the global distribution of climate patterns will change 4 What does the milankovitch cycle refer to C It refers to the cycle that takes into account earths eccentricity obliquity and precession When these variations cyclically coincide they tend to amplify each other and affect earth s climate 5 The intergovernmental panel on climate changes most recent assessment report in 2007 asserted what B Climate change is cause at least in part by human emissions and climate change is already altering conditions on earth 6 Why is it that a winter may be colder for one season if earth is said to be experiencing global warming C Because one of the documented changes that correlates to global warming is increased variation in temperature extremes Also the climate can still be warming in the long term even if temperatures drop for one season 7 Of all the human caused gases which gas makes the greatest relative contribution to increasing the greenhouse effect C Carbon dioxide 8 What is causing the hole in the ozone layer E CFCs LECTURE 5 1 The basic idea of global warming is sunlight enters the atmosphere from space and is then transformed to what type of energy that is trapped by CO2 in the atmosphere 2 What is the record of CO2 in the atmosphere that has been collected from from B Infrared radiations volcano in Hawaii C The keeling curve 3 Although the concentration of Co2 is
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