What is the difference between a sea and an ocean A Seas are smaller in area B Seas are shallower in average depth C Seas are partly enclosed by land D Seas have a salinity that is different from the main oceans E All the above Which is not true about the earth after its formation A There were no ocean B Metals had not yet coalesced in the Earth s center to form the core C The atmosphere was composed mostly of oxygen D The surface was Bombarded by meteorites E There was not yet a moon Why does the earth have a nickel iron core at its center surrounded by silicate mantle A The core formed first from metallic meteorites B The intense pressure at the center of the Earth caused primordial nebular material to trans mutate into metal C A metal core occurs at the center of most planets D Because it is more massive the core material sank to the center of the Earth E Silicates are less rigid than metal so the mantle and crust flowed outward to the exterior therefore thinner mountains the mantle Why is the continental crust higher than ocean crust A Continental crust is higher because more material beneath it B Ocean crust has to cover 70 of the earth s surface so it is spread out and C Continental crust is less massive and higher because it is hotter than ocean crust D The granite type rock that makes up much of continental crust naturally forms E Continental crust is thicker and less dense than ocean crust so it floats higher to Continental and ocean crusts have different levels because oceanic crust is denser assuming no difference in structure what would happen if the two types of crust were made of the same material a The height difference would remain the same b There would still be a difference because continental crust is thicker than ocean crust but the heights would be nearly the same c Continental crust is thicker so the height difference would increase d e Because the oceanic crust is thinner it would float higher Isostasy would no longer apply since both types would have the same mass Notes Why study the ocean The existence of Earths Ocean makes this planet different from all the other planets of the solar system and is essential for life to survive The keys to past climates and to the changes taking place in our own era can be found in the oceans Formation of earth and the solar system Nebular hypothesis All bodies in the solar system formed from the nebula Gravity concentrates material at center of cloud Protoplanets form from smaller concentrations of matter Protoearth Larger than earth today Homogeneous composition Bombarded by meteorites Moon formed from collision with large asteroid Nebula cloud of gases and space dust Made of mainly hydrogen and helium Origin of Earth s Atmosphere Outgassing occurred during density stratification Water vapor Carbon dioxide Hydrogen Other gasses Earths early atmosphere is different from today Development of Earth s Oceans Outgassed water vapor fell as rain The first permanent oceans formed 4 billion years ago Salinity developed from dissolved rock elements Earths Diameter is 12756 Kilometers Oceanic Crust made of Basalt with density of 3 0 Continental crust made of mostly granite with a density of 2 7 Lithosphere The continental and oceanic crusts are the outer shell of the Lithosphere The boundary between Lithosphere and the Asthenosphere marks where the mantle material can flow and deform without fractures Early Exploration of the Oceans Early explorers used boats to seek new fishing grounds for food The Greeks knew that the earth was a sphere The ocean allowed trade between cultures Latitude and Longitude Longitude is the east or west separation from an origin Latitude is the north or south separation along the meridian compared to the equator Viking Exploration Vikings came from Scandinavian countries where wood and iron were plentiful Their ship building technology and seafaring skills were much more advanced than the rest of Europe First people to cross the Atlantic Origin of the words starboard and port Chinese Added a central rudder to ships Went around the world and established trade Western Exploration Henry the navigator established an institute for exploration and cartography By 1650 Cartography had become a true science capable of predication John Harrison invented the modern timepiece and solved longitude 1 What invention made accurate open ocean navigation possible by determining 9 14 12 longitude A Alidade B Sextan C Chronometer D Orrery E Magnetic Compass 2 Charles Darwin considered a career sa a minister what would have happened to the theory of evolution had he not become a scientist instead A The theory of evolution would not exist B Somebody else would have proposed the same idea at about the same time C Somebody else would have proposed the same idea but probably not until much later D The theory of evolution would be much different than it is today E He would have still published the theory of evolution anyway 3 Radio isotopes of potassium decay to argon If a rock sample begins with 12 billion K40 atoms What will the quantities of K40 and AR40 be after 1 half life and 2 half lives A 9 billion K40 Atoms and 3 Billion Ar40 atoms B c d e 4 Which of the following is not true about the oxygen on earth A It shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation B It is necessary for respiration for many Organisms C It is essential for anaerobic bacteria s survival D It is a byproduct of photosynthesis E When oxygen concentrations are high speciation occurs rapidly 1 What is a scientific theory A A proven face B An explanation for a natural phenomenon that is supported by many observations and widely accepted C The same thing as a hypothesis D An explanation for a natural phenomenon that has the approval of scientific E An explanation for a natural phenomenon that is thought by many people to leaders be true Age of Earth James Hutton William Smith Modern Technology Radiometric age dating Tells us that Earth is about 4 6 billion years old Catastrophism the thought that Earth is very young Principle of uniformitarianism was introduced in 1788 States that the forces which shaped Earth are identical to forces working today Proposed the ocean was made up of layers Said that over time events cause these layers in the ocean to be deformed Dug Canals Mapped all of the strata in the United Kingdom Concept of ocean formation developed slowly Alfred Wegener noted the similar shape of the continents and proposed the unified land mass pangea
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