INR 3003 Final Exam Study Guide Nuclear Weapons Deterrence Class 11 05 I Why don t we use our nuclear weapons It isn t because there is a shortage and it is not that we have not been at war we pulled out without a victory in North Korea when we should have used nuclear weapons to end and win the war Reasons A They are destructive This is not the answer in and of itself Weapons are designed to be lethal Japan bombed Shanghai in 1937 Germany bombed Warsaw in 1939 and the U S bombed Tokyo killing 120 000 people Warfare strategy hit civilian centers break enemy s morale and end the war Firebombing using an incendiary bomb Used in Dresden and Hamburg Daisy Cutter bomb with a trigger device that explodes prior to impact and creates a massive horizontal spread with a greater capacity to kill B Nuclear weapons don t have battlefield utility Not true can take conventional weapons and fit them with low impact tactical nuclear devices to be used on the battlefield Nuclear weapons could be deployed on a limited scale but they haven t been Depleted uranium has been used It has a harder shell and as a result can be used in tank armor artillery shells This also leaves a low level of radiation behind C They are wrong immoral A country that used these would be universally condemned by the international community This is also seen as wrong by the state s own domestic population 80 of Americans were in favor of our use of the atomic bomb after WWII D A shift in world opinion occurs the human tragedy of Hiroshima Nagasaki August 6 1945 allowed us to see how destructive these weapons are areas were picked that had not been hit by bombs before The mushroom cloud was the only thing to tell us this was different from other bombs Shadows were burned into walls Long term effects of radiation and the concern of atmospheric contamination There was a human toll clothing was embedded into skin Radiation continued to kill 70 000 died on impact By the end of 1945 the number doubled to 140 000 and by 1950 200 000 had died Children were born with horrific birth defects New norm of deterrence after WWII more militaries and states looked towards nuclear weapons There was a shift away from civilians as targets Geneva Convention weaponry more precise and nuclear weapons were seen as wrong McArthur wanted to use nuclear weapons in the Korean War but Truman said no non use stance Other countries were developing and there was fear of retaliation The atom bomb developed into the hydrogen bomb and a new norm of deterrence developed In the Cold War there was a balance of power and a balance of terror Both nuclear powers had the ability to destroy each other Effects on Policy policy developed to contain these weapons and their uses Some wanted to ban them but neither the Soviets nor the U S were willing to do this Rather control contain them A 1968 Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty NPT banned the use of nuclear weapons and limited their possession Every country was a part except for India Pakistan Israel North Korea and South Sudan Goal of stopping proliferation through monitoring B Focus on other non conventional weapons with exceptional capacity to kill after WWI Biological 1972 and chemical weapons 1993 Attempts to limit impact on civilians II III 1925 Geneva Convention prohibited the use of gas in warfare 1972 Biological weapons ban 1993 Chemical weapons convention Followed Iran Iraq War weapons used against Kurds C Approaches to controlling the possession of nuclear weapons 1 Disarmament liberal get rid of weapons and rely on diplomacy Neither Russians nor Americans willing to disarm Prisoner s Dilemma focus had to be control 2 Deterrence via Extreme Build up Deter Russians by developing as many nuclear weapons as possible Greatest stock pile greatest advantage Feat might create war trying avoid this increasing security dilemma Nuclear triad being able to deliver nuclear weapons amongst all branches of the military by land sea and air Important to maintain this 3 Deterrence via Arms Control dominant after 1950s in Cold War Not eliminating our capabilities but reducing stock piles Ensure balance of capabilities We have the ability to destroy Russia they have the ability to destroy us M A D mutually assured destruction Neither side can win Second strike capabilities could still hit back because of the nuclear triad Maintain vulnerability to a nuclear attack through policy ultimate restraint system Neither side can win why would we push the button first Both restrain IV Arms Control History From MAD to MAP 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty no atmospheric testing 1968 NPT 1968 SALT I Strategic Arms Limitations Talk 1972 ABM Treaty Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty Limited ICBM inter continental ballistic missiles interceptors Agree to limit our defenses increasing our vulnerability 1979 SALT II agreed to limit and not develop new ICBMs Offensive capabilities not ratified by Congress 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty no testing of weapons 19902 2000s START Strategic Arms Reduction Talks Agreed to start destroying weapons we have greatly reducing our numbers Shift again towards defense M A P mutually assured protection less offensive capabilities more defense Nuclear Proliferation Class 11 07 I Nuclear Taboo Nina Tannenwald Nuclear weapons are peculiar monsters created by us and it would be damaging to our reputation if we were to use them Nina Tannenwald wrote Nuclear taboo and argued that weapons had become taboo The norm of non use was so widespread that just not using them but even the threat should be left off the table completely Insurance purposes The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest we came to using these weapons II Meaning of Proliferation Spread of offensive nuclear capabilities specifically now to states not recognized as nuclear weapon states by the NPT This has to do with motives Why would a country want to have nuclear weapons What do they want to do with them Rogue states pursue nuclear enrichment acquire nuclear weapons of international treaties North III Korea began in the 1990s 1993 pulled out of the NPT pursued nuclear enrichment and sanctions were implemented from the international community Successfully tested weapons in 2006 Continued testing the international community cashed out Motives would not have been good attack US South Korea or Japan Iran not there yet but on the path towards nuclear enrichment Disconcerting rhetoric talking about destroying Israel Deterrence small new states proliferation of
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