Final: Chapter 8-14+ Chapter 6 Pages 350-359.Vitamins and MineralsChapter 8: AntioxidantsChapter 8: Phytochemicals and Functional FoodsChapter 9: Nutrients involved in Bone HealthChapter 10: MetabolismChapter 10: Blood NutrientsChapter 11: Achieving and Maintaining a Healthy WeightSylvia Amador Nutrition Review Questions Review Questions Final: Chapter 8-14+ Chapter 6 Pages 350-359. Vitamins and Minerals1. Which Vitamins can be stored in the body for many months?a. Fat Soluble. 2. What are the specific nutrients and vulnerable groups for whichsupplement recommendations have been established?a. Folate: for women of childbearing ageb. B12: Elderly, Vegansc. Vitamin D: Many People 3. What is the definition of a major mineral, trace mineral?a. Major Minerals: Minerals that are required in our diet atamounts greater than 100mg/dayb. Trace Minerals: Minerals that are required in our diet atamounts less than 100 mg/day4. Describe the government regulation of vitamins and mineralsupplements.a. The FDA does not regulate all vitamin and mineralsupplements closely 5. What is the impact of The Dietary Supplement Health and EducationACT (DSHEA) on consumers?a. FDA doesn't regulate them. b. Consumers need to find out if the supplements are healthy forthem.c. Also, they include many horrible side effects:i. Liver Damage, Heart Attacks, Kidney Damage, etc. Chapter 8: Antioxidants 1. What are free radicals and how are they formed?a. A highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron in itsoutermost shellb. Produces under many situations, including when our bodygenerates ATP, when our immune system fights infection, andwhen we are exposed to environmental toxins such aspollution, overexposure to the sun, radiation, and tobaccoPage 1Sylvia Amador Nutrition Review Questions smoke. 2. How can free radicals damage the cell membrane?a. Damage the lipid portion of our cell membranes, destroyingtheir integrity. b. Free radicals also damage LDLs, cell proteins and DNA 3. How are free radicals related to cancer and CHD?a. Cancer:i. Can react with the cell’s DNA, causing mutations. If thefree radical is not repaired the DNA sequence willchange. Can result in the switching on of cancer causinggrowth genes or switching off of cancer stopping geneswithin the cell. b. CHD:i. When a free radical attacks a cell, it creates morecholesterolii. Formed during oxidation processiii. Free radicals can damage cells- inner lining of thearterial wall iv. Free radicals encourage low-density lipoprotein (LDL)cholesterol to stick to artery walls. 4. What are antioxidants?a. A compound that has the ability to prevent or repair thedamage caused by oxidation. 5. How can antioxidants help fight cancer and heart disease? a. Antioxidants play a role in cancer prevention. Eating foods highin antioxidants results in lower rates of some cancer, butsupplementing with antioxidants can increase cancer risk insome situations. b. Reduce the risk of CVD:i. Preventing free radical damage (oxidation) of LDLcholesterolii. Acting as an anticoagulant to prevent blood cotsiii. Reducing inflammation 6. For each of these antioxidant nutrients, what are the functions, andfood sources?a. Vitamin Ei. Function : Antioxidants: donates electrons to freeradicals-> stabilizes free radicals ii. Food Sources: Vegetable Oils, Nuts, Wheat Germ, andPage 2Sylvia Amador Nutrition Review Questions Soybeans. b. Vitamin Ci. Function: Antioxidant: donates electrons to freeradicals. Keeps Lungs Healthy. ii. Food Sources: Red Peppers, Orange Juice, GreenPeppers, and Broccoli. c. Beta-carotenei. Function : Antioxidant: donates electrons.ii. Food Sources : Pumpkin, canned, sweet potato, spinach,carrots. d. Vitamin Ai. Function: involved in immunity, cell differentiation, andnecessary for reproduction in males and females(sperms and eggs) ii. Food Sources: Beef Liver and Brightly Color Vegetables. 7. Which nutrient requirement is impacted by smoking? a. Vitamin C 8. What are the modifiable risk cancers of cancer? a. Tabaco b. Sun Exposurec. Dietd. Toxins (occupational exposure)e. Low physical activityChapter 8: Phytochemicals and Functional Foods 1. What are phytochemicals, and how they affect health?a. Phytochemical: a non-nutrient component of food. They givefoods taste, aroma, and color.b. Functions: Antioxidants, reduce inflammation, lowering bloodpressure, and clotting. c. Affecting Health : May help prevent certain diseases (Cancer,Eye Disease, Heart Disease and Bones) 2. Which foods are high in flavonoids, carotinoids and phytoestrogens?a. Flavonoids:i. Berries, tea, olives, soybeans, dark chocolate, red wine.ii. Protective: Heart disease and cancer.b. Carotinoids:Page 3Sylvia Amador Nutrition Review Questions i. Red, orange and deep green fruit and vegetablesii. Protective: heart disease, cancer and eye disease. c. Phytoestrogens:i. Soybeans and soy productsii. Protective: Bones and Heart Health 3. What is the impact of The Dietary Supplement Health and EducationAct (DSHEA) on consumers?a. Classifies vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbal remedies as“foods”b. Prevents the U.S. FDA from regulating them as additives ordrugsc. FDA must prove this “food” is unsafe before it can be pulledfrom the shelfd. Dietary supplements can be sold without FDA Approval 4. What is the difference between a health claim and a structure-function claim? Be able to recognize these on a label. a. Structure Function Claim: not regulated. i. Ex: “This statement has not been evaluated by the Foodand Drug Administration. This product is not intended todiagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease”ii. Reference to possible properties in foods, no referenceto actual disease or health conditionb. Health Claim: Regulated.i. Reference to disease or health condition ii. Components:1. Food Components2. DiseaseChapter 9: Nutrients involved in Bone Health1. What are the functions of calcium in the body?a. Form and maintain bones and teethb. Transmission of nerve impulsesc. Assists in muscle contractiond. Acid base Balance 2. What happens if you consume too much or too little calcium?a. Too much: Excreted from the bodyb. Too Little: