Lecture 4Learning ObjectivesIdentify the organs and accessory organs of the digestive tractDescribe the contribution of each organ of the GI system to the digestion, absorption, and the elimination of foodExplain the Human Microbiome and the known benefits of the BiomeDigestion systemThe process of breaking large food molecules down into smaller moleculesMouthSalivary glandsTeethTongueEsophageal sphincterEsophagusLiverStomachGallbladderSmall intestinePancreasThe MouthMechanical digestionChewing, breaking down foods physicallyChemical digestionSaliva softens food, amylase is the enzymeStomach has HCL to break down foodsEpiglottis is open; esophagus is closedThe esophagusFood is moved through the esophagus to stomach by peristalsisPeristalsis: pushes food down by means of contractionsNo digestion occurs in the esophagusMore like a passage wayThe stomachMechanical digestionPeristalsis works very hard to break foods down into liquidsChemical digestionGastric juice is secreted by stomachPepsin initiates protein digestionGastric lipase initiates fat digestionSmall amounts of water, some minerals, drugs, and alcohol are absorbedFiber and fat slow down stomach movementDisorders related to digestion and absorption in stomach/esophagusHeartburnCaused by HCL acid in the esophagus(GERD)Painful, persistent heartburnPeptic UlcersSections of GI tract eroded by HCL and pepsinSmall intestineChemical digestionDigestive enzymesPancreatic enzymesEnzymes on wall of intestineBileMade by liver, stored in gallbladderMost important organ for absorptionHuge surface area for absorptionVilli are locatedDigestion: Accessory organsSalivary glandsMouthLiverBilePancreasDigestive enzymesProduces insulinGallbladderBileWhy is digestion important?Nutrients from various sources are indistinguishable once they are digested and absorbedWill get glucose from both coke and from riceGlucose will be the same from both in the endOne molecule of glucose from a coke is the same in our blood stream as a molecule of glucose from a plate of brown riceElimination: large intestine, rectum, and anusDisorders of small and large intestineDiarrheaConstipationBowel disordersIBS (irritable bowel syndrome)IBD (inflammatory bowel disease e.g. Chron’s disease)Diverticulitis/DiverticulosisReview QuestionDescribe the main digestive processes that go in each of these organsMouthChewing, salvia softens foodEsophagusPeristalsis brings food downStomachPeristalsis in the stomachGastric juicesTurns food into liquidSmall intestineAbsorption occursList the accessory digestive organs, and what they contribute to the digestive processLiverBileGallbladderBilePancreasEnzymesInsulinHuman Microbiome ProjectDigest fiber and other components of foodPrevent growth of harmful bacteriaProduce vitamins (vitamin K)Stimulate the immune systemHelp in normal gut developmentRelease potentially beneficial chemicals from foodWeightDiarrheaDiabetesInflammatory bowel diseaseEffect of macronutrient ratio on gut microbiomeResearch studies indicate that the type of bacteria found in an individual’s intestinal tract may be affected by which of the following dietary components?A) ProteinB) Animal FatC) CarbohydrateD) All of the aboveE) B and C OnlyNutrition 130 1st Edition Lecture 4 Learning Objectives- Identify the organs and accessory organs of the digestive tract- Describe the contribution of each organ of the GI system to the digestion, absorption, and the elimination of food - Explain the Human Microbiome and the known benefits of the BiomeDigestion system- The process of breaking large food molecules down into smaller molecules- Moutho Salivary glandso Teetho Tongue- Esophageal sphincter- Esophagus- Liver- Stomach- Gallbladder- Small intestine- Pancreas The Mouth- Mechanical digestiono Chewing, breaking down foods physically- Chemical digestiono Saliva softens food, amylase is the enzymeo Stomach has HCL to break down foodsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.- Epiglottis is open; esophagus is closed The esophagus- Food is moved through the esophagus to stomach by peristalsiso Peristalsis: pushes food down by means of contractions- No digestion occurs in the esophagus- More like a passage way The stomach- Mechanical digestiono Peristalsis works very hard to break foods down into liquids- Chemical digestion- Gastric juice is secreted by stomach- Pepsin initiates protein digestion- Gastric lipase initiates fat digestion - Small amounts of water, some minerals, drugs, and alcohol are absorbed- Fiber and fat slow down stomach movement Disorders related to digestion and absorption in stomach/esophagus- Heartburn o Caused by HCL acid in the esophagus- (GERD)o Painful, persistent heartburn- Peptic Ulcerso Sections of GI tract eroded by HCL and pepsin Small intestine- Chemical digestiono Digestive enzymes- Pancreatic enzymes- Enzymes on wall of intestine- Bileo Made by liver, stored in gallbladder- Most important organ for absorption- Huge surface area for absorptiono Villi are located Digestion: Accessory organs- Salivary glandso Mouth- Livero Bile- Pancreaso Digestive enzymeso Produces insulin- Gallbladdero Bile  Why is digestion important?- Nutrients from various sources are indistinguishable once they are digested and absorbed- Will get glucose from both coke and from riceo Glucose will be the same from both in the end- One molecule of glucose from a coke is the same in our blood stream as a molecule of glucose from a plate of brown rice- Elimination: large intestine, rectum, and anus Disorders of small and large intestine- Diarrhea- Constipation- Bowel disorderso IBS (irritable bowel syndrome)o IBD (inflammatory bowel disease e.g. Chron’s disease)o Diverticulitis/Diverticulosis Review Question- Describe the main digestive processes that go in each of these organso Mouth Chewing, salvia softens foodo Esophagus Peristalsis brings food down o Stomach Peristalsis in the stomach Gastric juices  Turns food into liquido Small intestine Absorption occurs- List the accessory digestive organs, and what they contribute to the digestive processo Liver Bileo Gallbladder Bileo Pancreas Enzymes  Insulin  Human Microbiome Project- Digest fiber and other components of food- Prevent growth of