Lecture 30Learning ObjectivesKnow what is considered a healthy BMI range and understand its relevance to healthBe able to identify the specific health outcomes associated with visceral fat and sitting (waist measurement)Be able to identify the benefits of sustained moderate weight lossBe able to identify the factors that contribute to BMR and how to modify themUnderstand the factors that contributes to weight gain and obesityBe able to calculate weight loss for specific calorie deficitsBe able to identify the components of mindless and mindful/intuitive eatingLeptinCan have genetic defect in leptin receptorsCauses obesityLeptin produced does not function properly causing Leptin resistanceCaused by obesityCauses of ObesityHormone disruptionProduced in intestinal tractDecreases appetiteLower levelsObesityEating fastEx. PYYObesity individuals have lower levels of PYY when they are fastingShow less of an increase in PYY after meals than non-obeseReview questionsGive some examples of the genetic differences between people, which could increase their risk of becoming obeseWhat two situations as discussed in class can disrupt the effectiveness of leptinHow are PYY levels difference in overweight peopleWhich of the following are genetic differences between people which could account for a greater risk of obesityWhich of the following neuroendocrine differences between normal weight and overweight people have been identified?Differences in leptin’s effectivenessDifferences in levels of PU when fasting and other meals?Childhood obesityRat experimentThey induced hyerphagia (overeating) with hormones and early-onset (childhood) obesity, then reversed it at various times in the young rat’s lifeTiming and duration of overconsumption may have lasting effects on a person’s natural weight sometimes called set pointCauses of ObesityStress and Disrupting the Body ClockLess sleepEating irregularlyShift workChronic stressCauses high cortisol levels and disrupts appetite regulationThen causes:ObesityHeart diseaseLack of ExerciseThe number of trips people take on foot has dropped 42% in the last 20 yearsExercise recommendationsRecommended time4 hours per weekActual time spent total2 hoursToo much sitting55% of non-exercising time is spent sittingRisk for obesity and CHD that is separate from too little exerciseBenefits of daily exercise can be undoneTime spent sitting is significantly associated withIncrease risk for obesity and CHS that is separate from too little exerciseIncrease fat deposited around the heartFood AddictionHighly palatable food activates brain reward systemChronic food restriction and weight loss enhances the sensitivity of these reward systems (may lead to binge eating)Overeating can reduce the brain’s response to palatable food increasing the amount of food needed for the same rewards (as in cocaine)Binge eating in RatsResearch shows that an animal will binge eat on highly palatable food when it is restrictedNutrition 130 1st Edition Lecture 30Learning Objectives- Know what is considered a healthy BMI range and understand its relevance to health - Be able to identify the specific health outcomes associated with visceral fat and sitting (waist measurement)- Be able to identify the benefits of sustained moderate weight loss- Be able to identify the factors that contribute to BMR and how to modify them- Understand the factors that contributes to weight gain and obesity - Be able to calculate weight loss for specific calorie deficits- Be able to identify the components of mindless and mindful/intuitive eating Leptin- Can have genetic defect in leptin receptorso Causes obesity - Leptin produced does not function properly causing Leptin resistanceo Caused by obesity  Causes of Obesity - Hormone disruptiono Produced in intestinal tracto Decreases appetiteo Lower levels Obesity  Eating fasto Ex. PYYo Obesity individuals have lower levels of PYY when they are fastingThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o Show less of an increase in PYY after meals than non-obese Review questions- Give some examples of the genetic differences between people, which could increase their risk of becoming obese- What two situations as discussed in class can disrupt the effectiveness of leptin- How are PYY levels difference in overweight people Which of the following are genetic differences between people which could account for a greater risk of obesity- Which of the following neuroendocrine differences between normal weight and overweight people have been identified? - Differences in leptin’s effectiveness- Differences in levels of PU when fasting and other meals? Childhood obesity- Rat experiment o They induced hyerphagia (overeating) with hormones and early-onset (childhood) obesity, then reversed it at various times in the young rat’s lifeo Timing and duration of overconsumption may have lasting effects on a person’s natural weight sometimes called set point Causes of Obesity- Stress and Disrupting the Body Clocko Less sleep o Eating irregularly o Shift work o Chronic stress Causes high cortisol levels and disrupts appetite regulation Then causes: Obesity Heart disease- Lack of Exerciseo The number of trips people take on foot has dropped 42% in the last 20 yearso Exercise recommendations Recommended time 4 hours per week Actual time spent total 2 hours- Too much sittingo 55% of non-exercising time is spent sittingo Risk for obesity and CHD that is separate from too little exerciseo Benefits of daily exercise can be undoneo Time spent sitting is significantly associated with Increase risk for obesity and CHS that is separate from too little exercise Increase fat deposited around the heart- Food Addictiono Highly palatable food activates brain reward systemo Chronic food restriction and weight loss enhances the sensitivity of these reward systems (may lead to binge eating)o Overeating can reduce the brain’s response to palatable food increasing the amount of food needed for the same rewards (as in cocaine) Binge eating in Rats- Research shows that an animal will binge eat on highly palatable food when it is