Learning ObjectivesKnow what causes the formation of free radicalsKnow diseases associated with free radical changeDescribe how antioxidants help in cancer and CHD preventionIdentify the modifiable risk factors of cancerKnow dietary recommendations to reduce cancer riskIdentify which nutrients function as antioxidants and identify their functions (outside of antioxidant function) food sources and diseases of deficiencyKnow the increased needs of smokers for antioxidantsKnow benefit/risk of antioxidant supplementsFree RadicalsAtom with an extra, unpaired election forms a free radicalAre molecules that are unstableATP is the energy currency of the bodyHow Free Radicals are FormedOxidation-reduced reactions (normal cell processes)PollutionUltraviolet light and radiation (tanning)Toxic substancesFree Radical DamageCell membranes are damagedLow density lipoproteins (LDLs)Proteins in the cellGenetic material (DNA)Disease related to Free RadicalsCancerHeart DiseaseEye diseaseCataractsAge-related macularParkinson’sAntioxidantsA compound that has the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidationAntioxidant MicronutrientsVitamin EVitamin CBeta-CaroteneVitamin A (may have antioxidant properties)Copper, iron, zinc, manganeseCardiovascular diseaseAntioxidants may reduce the risk of CVD by:Preventing free radical damage (oxidation) of LDL cholesterolActing as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clotsReduce inflammationCancer developmentNormal cell  initiation  promotion  further tumor development  malignant cellsCauses initiation and Promotion:TobaccoSun exposureDietToxins (occupational exposure)Low physical activity(Antioxidants can stop initiation and promotion)Antioxidants also:Enhance immune systemInhibit growth of cancer cellsPrevent oxidative damage to cellsReview Question:What is a free radical?What is an antioxidant?How do antioxidants help fight cancer and heart disease?10/29/14Learning ObjectivesKnow what causes the formation of free radicalsKnow diseases associated with free radical damageDescribe how antioxidants help in cancer and CHD prevention.Identify the modifiable risk factors of cancer.Know dietary recommendations to reduce cancer risk.Identify which nutrients function as antioxidants and identify their functions (outside of antioxidant function) food sources and diseases of deficiency.Know the increased needs of smokers for antioxidantsKnow benefit/risk of antioxidant supplementsWhich of the following statements is FALSE regarding free radicals?Our body has no mechanism to combat free radicalsWhich of these diseases have been linked to free radical damage?Cancer, Heart Disease, Diabetes (all of the above)Dietary Risk FactorsProcessed meat/red meatAlcoholWeightBreastfeedingProtects the motherFruits and vegetablesProtectiveSoyProtectiveCancer:BowelFood: red meat (beef and pork)Advice: <3 times a weekStomach and BowelProcessed meat (evidence strongest for red meat but current recommendation includes turkey)SeldomEsophagus, mouth, throat, bowel, breastAlcoholBe moderateAll cancersWeightStay within normal rangeBreastBreastfeeding—protective for mother and babyDo it for at least 6 monthsProcessed MeatNitritesWhy we use themGive processed meats pink colorInhibit microbial growthHealth issuesConverted to nitrosamines…. (Didn’t finish)Vitamin EFat-soluble vitaminDestroyed by heatFound in:Vegetable oils, nuts, wheat germFunctions:Normal fetal and early childhood nerve and muscle developmentHas a role in immunityAntioxidant10/31/14Vitamin C Functions:Water-soluble vitaminAntioxidantStabilizes free radicalsDRI: healthy adultsMales: 90 mg/day (smokers 125 mg)Females: 75 mg/day (110 mg)Water-soluble vitaminDRI: is higher in smokersSources  fruits and vegetables (varies)Functions:Antioxidant in extracellular fluid and lungssynthesis in collagenenhances immune system and iron absorption (non-heme)A fat-soluble vitaminIt is destroyed by heatIt is found in oils and nutsIt is an antioxidantVitamin EBeta-CarotenePrecursor to Vitamin APart of a group called carotenoidsMore available when cookedFunctions:AntioxidantStabilizes free radicalsNo DRIFound in  pumpkins, sweet potatoes, spinach, collards, kale, turnip, greens, carrotsToxicity and deficiencyNo known toxicitySkin may turn yellowAntioxidant supplements may increase cancer riskVitamin AFat-solubleStored in  liver, adipose tissue, kidneys, lungsMay be antioxidantFunctionsVisionImmunityCell differentiationSperm productionFound in  fortified milk, beef liver, brightly colored veggiesToxicityToxic, especially from supplementsDeficienciesNight blindnessDietary GuidelinesEat more fruits and veggiesMake ½ your plate fruits and veggiesAdditionalZinc, iron, copper and manganeseReview QuestionsWhich foods are associated with stomach and colorectal cancer?Food sources, functions and deficiency symptoms of vitamin A, C?What is beta-carotene/ what do we know about health outcomes of supplementation?What nutrient has an increased RDA in smokers?11/3/14Learning ObjectivesDefine phytochemicals and describe how they can affect healthIdentify foods that are in car?PhytochemicalsChemical compounds that occur naturally in plantsAre responsible for color and organoleptic propertiesHave biological significanceNot established as essential nutrientsHealth functionsAntioxidantsReduce inflammationEnhance detoxifying enzymesSlow cancer tumor cell growthEnhance the immune systemMay effect microbiomeLower blood cholesterolPhytochemicals consist of 3 typesFlavonoidsBerries, tea, olives, soybeans, chocolate, red winesCarotenoidsFood sources: Red, orange and deep green fruits and vegetablesPhytoestrogensSoybeans, and soy productsPhytochemicalsFrom natureDon’t always see same benefits when phytochemicals investigated independentlyFrom manufacturer isn’t as goodThe Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act ’94 (DSHEA)Classifies supplements of vitamins, minerals, amino acids, herbal remedies as “food”Prevents the US FDA from regulating supplements as additives or drugsFDA must prove the “food” (supplements) is unsafe before it can be pulled from the shelfDietary supplements can be sold without FDA approvalLabels: Structure – Function ClaimDisclaimer – “This statement has not been evaluated by the FDA. This produce is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease”Health Claim vs. Structure FunctionHealth Claim includes health references to disease or health condition as well as