Same man goes in as a salesman wearing different outfitsThree piece suit (out of fashion)Dark navy two piece suit (fashionable)Medium gray two piece suit (fashionable)Sport coat and slacks (a bit more casual, but still nice)European look (Miami vice)Casual look (striped sweater, khaki pants)Salesman in dark suit was seen as a better salesman, more ambitious, and optimisticSalesman in any of the traditional outfits (1st 4 options) were seen as representing a company that was large, has good service, many products, and good creditImpressions of Women with Tattoos (Swami & Funrham, 2007)University students rated tattooed women as:LESS physically attractiveMORE sexually promiscuousHEAVIER drinkers (which is actually true)Line drawing of a model with 0-3 visible tattoos is what people judged offClothing & Interactive Phenomena (Blake & Mouton, 1955)Had someone walk against traffic signal and watched how many people followedThe person who walked wore different outfitsHigh status (suit)Low status (soiled and patched pants, denim shirt)More pedestrians followed high status model against traffic signalTraits of People Who Get Tattooed (Silver et al, 2009)Weaker social bonds to parent, school, religionVictimized in the pastNegative self-appraisal (low self-esteem, depression, suicidal thoughts)More involved in alcohol, marijuana, and delinquencyLess conscientiousMore extravertedHigh sensation seekersMore accepting of sex without commitmentWhat do Tattoos Mean to the Wearer? (Mun et al 2012)18-38 year old women with tattoosMajor themes:Connection to the selfLife eventsRelationshipsSpiritualityObtaining tattoos resulted in a change in how participants viewed themselves and caused some behavioral changesMotivations for Tattoos and Body Piercings (Carmen et al, 2012)Historically:Symbol of an important past event, love, or friendshipGroup membershipMarker of individualityMore Recently:A “human canvas” hypothesis (using tattoos and piercings to create a narrative effect)“Upping the ante” hypothesis (trying to look tough)Attempt to study “content free” speechContent free is things that have no content behind them, for example saying “I’m really worried about a test” has contentRead a standard passage (like a book so there is no content)Then study the voiceRandom splicingElectric content filteringSynthesize voices (or vocal characteristics)Categories of Nonverbal Behavior, Distinctions, HistoryGiven vs. Given off behaviors. (Goffman)GIVEN BEHAVIORS: purposive and intentional; under control of the actor - most verbalGIVEN OFF BEHAVIORS: not purposive or intentional; not under control of the sender- most nonverbalWhich is more trustable: verbal or nonverbal?NONVERBAL because they are not aware of itENCODING: (Intention) what are people’s intentions when they emit this behavior?- using intention to help us understand what a behavior meansDECODING: (Perception/Interpretation) how do receivers of this behavior interpretit?Interactive Responses: the behaviors that have reliable behavioral effect on others- when a nonverbal behavior emitted by one person changes the behavior of another person- example= space (proxemics) – if someone invades your space you back upShared Encoding and Decoding: are the behaviors whose meaning senders and receivers consistently agree on- example= shaking your head no – both people know what that means/ behavior they agree onWhat are some of the important aspects that affect the usage of nonverbal behaviors (e.g. external conditions, awareness, external feedback)?EXTERNAL CONDITIONS: a behavior can be interpreted very different depending on the settingEXTERNAL FEEDBACK: does the behavior draw external feedback- when you have a sad face someone may ask about it, but people usually do not ask about your gestures or spaceAWARENESS: nonverbal behavior used to communicate a message to another- Ex: raising hand to stop is a deliberate actBehaviors that are: Idiosyncratic, Informative, Communicative, Interactive origins of behaviors (e.g. innate neurological mechanisms, etc.)*** Informative and Idiosyncratic never overlap***IDIOSYNCRATIC: usage and meaning is peculiar to the individual- not very informative, decoder does not know what it meansINFORMATIVE: shared encoding and decoding- example= shaking your head no (both encoder and decoder share the same meaning)COMMUNICATIVE: enacted with clear, conscious intention to convey a message- example= holding your hand up to stop cars is clearly intentionalINTERACTIVE: influence or modify another person’s (the decoders) behavior- your nonverbal behavior changes the behavior of the person decoding it- ****see slide on d2l for how behaviors work w/ each other INNATE NEUROLOGICAL MECHANISMS:Coding (e.g. arbitrary, iconic, etc.)- The relationship between a behavior and what it stands forArbitrary Behavior= no intrinsic meaning in behavior; (the behavior has no actual representation of the meaning); meaning happens by convention- Arbitrary behavior has the most distance between the behavior and what it stands foro Ex: shaking your head up and down means yes, there is no hidden message behind ito Ex: the OK sign in the slideso Ex: peace sign- 2 fingers up has not actual representation ofpeaceIconic Behavior= (metaphoric): preserve some aspects of the referent, do not need verbal to be understood- Iconic Behavior has a middle distance between the behavior and what it stands foro Ex: Winston Churchill used to hold up V for Victory (looks like peace sign)o Ex: putting thumb to ear and pinky to mouth looks like you are holding a phoneIntrinsic Behavior= the act is a case of the thing that it is signifying- Intrinsic Behavior has no distance between the behavior and what it stands for (they are one in the same)o Ex: punching someone in the face shows aggressionFive categories of nonverbal behavior (from Ekman & Friesen –e.g. emblems, illustrators, etc.)1. EMBLEMS- Nonverbal behaviors that function like words- They can literally replace languageo Ex: stop, peace, ok sign, wave goodbye- Most emblems are:o Culture specifico Arbitraryo Learned2. ILLUSTRATIORS - Visual dimensions to the verbal part- Illustrator are %100 dependent on language- They mean nothing without language (and usually language is dependent on illustrators)o Ex: “I caught a fish that was this big” (VERBAL) – have to hold up your hands to show how big it is (NONVERBAL)3. ADAPTORS - Largely unconscious - Behaviors we emit to manage or regulate our