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UA COMM 415 - Exam 3 Study Guide
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COMM 415 1st EditionExam # 3 Study Guide Lectures: 21 - 26Lecture 21 (April 14)DECEPTIONdeceptionDeception: an act intended to foster in another, a belief that the deceiver considers falsedeception cues vs. leakage cuesDeception cues: info that gives away the falsehoodLeakage cues: info that gives away the true infocue competitionCue competition: when the verbal and nonverbal signs carry implications that are at oddsdetection apprehensionDetection apprehension: the fear of being caught telling a lieOthello errorThe Othello Error: occurs when a lie catcher fails to consider that a truthful person who is under stress many appear to be lying; truthful peoplemay be afraid of being disbelievewhat are the underlying emotions associated with deception?Fear: (detection apprehension)Guilt: (deception guilt)Excitement: (“duping delight”)***most lies fail due to either inadequate preparation or the interference of emotions***theoretical approaches to understanding deception (attempted control, arousal, etc.)Attempted control: being excessively rehearsedArousal: when we lie, many people start sweating, shaking, etc.Affect: emotion-cues that there are additional emotional states that don’t really ad to the messageEx: “Are these your drugs?”“No”“Then why do you look nervous?”Cognitive load: a lot harder on your brain mentally to actually think up and keep going with a lieare people good lie detectors? why or why not?-67% accuracy rate for detecting truths-44% accuracy rate for detecting lies-high accuracy for truth, low accuracy for lies=”truth bias”-we assume people are automatically telling the truthcan observers tell when children are lying?induced 3 to 7 year olds to lie: “temptation resistance paradigm”college students watched video-taped interrogation3 to 7 year olds have not fully developed their deception skillshowever, judges could not accurately detect the liars based on nonverbal cuesfactors that influence human lie detection ability (e.g., motivation to catch liars, absence of Pinocchio ’ s nose effect) Lack of motivation to catch liars-no one wants paranoia all the time 2. absence of Pinocchio’s nose-no one dead giveaway that you are being lied to 3. countermeasures-When people are in the act of lying, they know they are lying and challenge your disbeliefs and skepticism 4. embedded lies-some lies are embedded in truths, only one key point is twisted 5. no adequate feedback-don’t give feedback about how you are detecting the lies or how they are lying to you6. violates conversational rules-not getting in their face about how they are lying to you, socially awkward7. good liarscommon errors in lie detection (e.g., examining wrong cues, overemphasis on nonverbal cues)-examining the wrong cues-overemphasis on nonverbal cues-the Othello Error-use of heuristics-neglect of interpersonal differences: big one-differences between people-overconfidence in lie detection skillstruth bias-high accuracy for truth, low accuracy for lies=”truth bias”-we assume people are automatically telling the truthwhat body regions and behaviors are good indicators of deception? 1. providing fewer details2. making less sense3. internal discrepancies: fact that contradicts another fact4. repetitions5. less verbal/vocal involvement6. fewer illustrators7. less verbal immediacy8. pupil dilation: good sign of physiological arousal9. increased vocal pitchLiars: fewer illustrators, hand movements, more ah-speech disturbances, and longer response latencies than truth tellersDOMINANCEbehaviors related to this function (e.g., persuasion, feedback, etc.) dominance ratio1. Persuasion2. Feedback and reinforcement3. Deception4. Impression managementstatus and the dominance ratioThe Dominance Ratio-% looking while speaking divided by % of looking while listening-ROTC officers have dominance ratio = 1-ROTC cadets have dominance ration less than 1-would look more while listening than speaking***when people’s relative status in a convo changes, their dominance ratio changesDominance and Status-Confederate introduced as high school senior who did not want to go to college and who hoped to get a job in a gas station-Or a senior college chem honor student already accepted into a good medical school-Discuss 3 interpersonal dilemans” come up with solutions***high power: dress, posture, and dominanceDress and Status Study-males of high status wear more formal clothing than males of lower status-no association between females status and clothing formality-all targets evaluated while at workDominance and Posture-in dyadic interactions, people of higher status exhibit more forward lean-this is done by men and women-also more open/relaxed posturedecoding dominance from the speaker's dominance ratioDominance Ratio and Reward Power Study-opposite sex dyads came to lab for convos-one member was randomly selected to have reward power-to determine whether the other dyad member would earn extra credit ***high power: more looking while speaking than by listening in men, opposite in womentalk duration, speech rate, and perceptions of powerfacial expression and dominance-subjects rated photos of models posing different facial expressions of emotion-weak expressions had no impact on dominance ratings-strong facial affect influenced ratings of dominance:1. happiness2. Anger3. disgust4. sadness5. fearhead position, shaved heads, posture, clothing and decoding dominanceSlow sign vehicles: shaved heads and dominance study-men with shaved heads are judged to be more dominant than men with hair-even when hair was digitally removed from photos of men’s heads-but men with shaved heads are also viewed as older and less attractiveHead Position and Dominance-subjects viewed 3-D models of faces-head tilt varied from looking down (-30 degrees) looking straight (0 degrees) tilted back (30 degrees)-the more the head was tilted down, the more submissive it was rated-the more the head was tilted back, the more dominant it was ratedDecoding Status from Posture Study-judges associate more forward lean toward convo partner with high status-open posture (opening of upper and lower extremities) is associated with perceptions of high dominanceDecoding Dominance from Clothing Study-observers use formality of clothing as a cue to men’s status, but not women’s-this is also accurate use of clothing formality as a cue because males, but not females, encode status through more formal attirewhat nonverbal


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UA COMM 415 - Exam 3 Study Guide

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