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UA COMM 415 - Exam 2 Study Guide
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COMM 415 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 11 - 19Lecture 11 (March 3)SPACEwhat kind of info is conveyed through use of space?1. regulation2. conversationthree categories of space (e.g., fixed-feature, etc.)A. fixed-feature space: location of physical unmovable structures (i.e. a house)B. semi-fixed feature space: location of movable objectsC. informal or personal space: interpersonal distancesociopetal vs. sociofugal spaceA. fixed-feature space: location of physical unmovable structures (i.e. a house)B. semi-fixed feature space: location of movable objectsC. informal or personal space: interpersonal distancefour regions of proxemics (e.g., intimate, personal, etc.)A. intimate space: 0-18 inches (tactile stimulation; reserved for those we are close with)B. personal space: 1.5-4ft (reserved for acquaintances and friends)(most meaningful)C. social space: 4-12ft (business interaction)(competing with noise)D. public space: beyond 12ft (addressing people in the masses)(i.e. giving a lecture)E. contact cultures usually stop at arms lengthage and use of space1. unclear up to age 52. space increases over age 5-173. initially less space for same sex pairs4. later, less space for opposite sex pairs 5. sex diffs evident as early as age 7male-female differences in use of space1. females maintain closer interpersonal distance than males2. females approach others, especially other females, closer than males will3. males approach other males and other females at the same distance 4. females will allow others to approach more closely than males will***women occupy less space***are there universals (across culture) in spatial use?1. no universals in space use (cultures structure and experience space differently)crowding vs. density1. crowding (perceptual) vs. density (physical)(i.e. how you experience/describe space)(what is crowding in one culture may not be in another)contact vs. noncontact cultures1. contact vs. non-contact cultures (CLOSEST-Irish, Scottish, Dutch, Greek, Italian, French, English-FURTHEST)(big cultural variations in the use of space)extraversion, social anxiety, need for affiliation and use of space1. preferences for closer space increases with increasing degrees of extraversion2. people who are high in social anxiety tend to use longer interacting distance3. people high in need for affiliation use closer interacting distances (privilege touch over communication)distance and arousal1. changes in skin conductance sensitive to space (sign of physiological arousal)(i.e. sweating palms)2. too close—> arousal3. for females, too far also—> arousal4. the closer the invasion, the sooner the evacuation (i.e. library study Felipe & Sommer)the relationships between crowding and performance1. correlated with density 2. curvilinear relationship between crowding and performance (i.e. people perform best at medium levels of arousal)3. close space with strangers is more “crowding” than with friends (we are more tolerant of space invasion when we are close with the people)4. most “crowding” with male strangers, least with female friendsspace and restaurant tipping1. waitresses approached patrons seated by themselves in a restaurant in France at either .5, 1.5 or 2.5ft2. 478 customers3. a greater % of customers in the close condition left a tip4. customers in the close condition left higher tips than those in the other conditions***use of space generates intimacy***space and threats of violence1. #1: assuming a boxer stance2. #2: invasion of personal space (getting within an arms distance)Intimacy Equilibrium TheoryB. people are subject to two motivation in interpersonal interactions:1. being intimate (approach)2. stay separate (avoid)C. the balance between these two motivation is a point of equilibriumD. if one person’s behavior upsets this equilibrium the other will compensateArousal-Labeling Theory 1. close distance arousal in the decoder2. if this arousal is labeled positively, the decoder will approach (reciprocate)3. if this arousal is labeled negatively, the decoder will avoid (compensate)Lecture 12 (March 5)FACIAL EXPRESSIONwhat kind of info is carried in facial expression?1. major function: convey emotion2. attitudes toward other people and objectsfour different sign vehicles (e.g., static, slow, etc.)1. STATIC: remain constant2. SLOW: reliably change with age (wrinkles/facial lines)3. RAPID: change in a matter of seconds (most nonverbal communication studied)4. ARTIFICIAL: cosmetics or facial treatments used to enhance beauty or combat age (face lift)slow sign vehicles and mortality1. photographs taken of 292 people, 82-84 y/o2. university students rated the apparent age of the person3. rated age spanned 63-85 y/o4. 108 of the 292 participants died in the following 6 years5. the hazard of dying was predicted by how old the person was judged to be in the photo6. 8% greater mortality hazard per year of rated age***quality of life you live shows in your face***the primary facial expressions of emotion1. happiness/joy2. sadness3. anger4. surprise5. disgust6. feara universal expression for pride?1. happy face (smile)2. head tilted back3. chest out4. hands on hips or raised in air5. children as young as 4 can identify pride6. isolated African tribal culture can identify7. might function to mark/maintain statusfacial feedback hypothesis1. James (peripheralist) muscle activity —> emotion2. Cannon (centralist) cognitive appraisal —> emotion3. FFH-peripheralist4. people were happier when they were in smile expression and angrier when they were in a frown position***movement of one of the facial muscles changes mood perception***facial expressions in nonhuman primates (e.g. grimace, etc.)1. similarity in behavior because of a shared genetic origin 2. grimace=fear3. tense-mouth display=anger 4. play face=happiness/joy the Miller & Deets (1976) "executive monkey" study1. “executive monkey” study• monkey in restraining chair• light goes off, 6 sec later they would receive an electrical shock • prevent sick with lever press within 6 sec • lever was taken away from “stimulus” monkey and give to “responder” monkey (yolked-connected) • responder monkey also hooked up• responder monkey could only see face of stimulus monkey on TV• responder monkey prevented shocks at a rate of 92% by just watching face of stimulus monkey***animals can communicate with facial expression***can domestic dogs decode human facial expression?1. sausage, garlic


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UA COMM 415 - Exam 2 Study Guide

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