COMM 415 1st Edition Lecture 14Outline of Last Lecture I. Facial Expression Outline of Current Lecture II. Decodinga. sex differencesb. projecting emotion on genderc. facial decoding and clinical problemsi. alcoholismii. autismiii. social anxietyiv. borderline personality disorderv. schizophrenia d. facial attractiveness and brain processinge. decoding infant expressions by mothersf. oxytocin and decoding accuracy III. InteractiveIV. MeasurementCurrent Lecture(14) VII. DecodingA. different emotions1. easiest: happiness2. sadness3. angerThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.4. fear5. disgust6. surprise7. positive emotions are easier to decode than negative emotions in the faceB. sex differences1. females perform better than males2. sex difference already evident in childhood3. 53% of girls perform above average4. 46% of boys perform above average5. no increase in the sex difference over time6. neurobehavioral maturation model (early in life)7. social scaffolding model (later in childhood) (girls more sensitive to facial expression)C. projecting emotion on gender1. gender-neutral computer images2. varying expressions and anger and happiness3. subjects were quicker to label angry faces as male and happy faces as female4. signals for facial expression of emotion and masculinity/femininity have merged over timeD. facial decoding and clinical problems1. alcoholism• recovering alcoholics & control subjects viewed slides• multiple choice test• lower accuracy in alcoholic group• unaware of their deficit• more interpersonal problems in alcoholic group• these were negatively associated with their performance on the facial recognition task 2. autism• autism: expressive & receptive communication deficits• adults with and without autism shown faces and shapes• press button for F face or circle• fMRI while performing task (goggles)• autism and control group performed as well at face and shape recognition• but different brain regions activated• autism: aberrant and individual-specific regions were active• amygdala (specializing in emotion)3. social anxiety• social anxiety: over-arousal in social situations• children shown photos of positive, neutral or negative facial expressions• press buttons• anxious and non anxious children had comparable performance • but anxious children saw emotion in neutral faces (would see emotion in neutral faces)• anxious children took longer to respond4. borderline personality disorder• slowly morphing computer generated face• 20 people with BPD, 20 healthy controls• negative expression: BPD detected on average when 73% expressed, 82% for controls • positive expression: BPD detected at 48% expressed vs. 69% in controls • people with BPD are quicker to pick up on subtle expressions• over-reaction to minor incidents with others • also, people with BPD are less accurate than controls in recognizing facial displays of anger and disgust• they also misattribute emotions to neutral/ no emotion facial expressions***BPD make it easier and quicker to pick up on subtle expressions***5. schizophrenia• schizophrenic patients perceive ambiguous and subtle facial expressions as happy, rather than angry, regardless of social contexts• faces were shown with a story: positive, negative or neutral • even in the early stage if illness, people with schizophrenia have abnormalperceptions of facial emotion categories E. facial attractiveness and brain processing1. preference for looking at attractive faces2. 4 yr olds and adults viewed faces3. attractive/unattractive4. scrambled/normal 5. press button o classify scrambled/normal6. both groups took longer to classify unattractive faces7. brain activity in 4 year olds and adults higher when gazing at unattractive faces 8. beauty:average of group’s features9. people like prototypes-easy to categorize F. decoding infant expressions by mothers1. first time mothers vs. never mothers2. attention capture task 3. infant faces in general, and emotions infant faces in particular, engage attentions compared to adult faces 4. for mothers, infant faces were more attention getting (salient)5. adaptive behavioral change with parenthoodG. oxytocin and decoding accuracy1. oxytocin: neuropeptide secreted from the posterior pituitary2. critical role in mammalian social behavior3. trust, cooperation, relaxation around others 4. intranasal OT administration enhances emotion recognition fo faces 5. especially pronounced effect on happy and fear faces VIII. InteractiveA. Dimberg: look at happy and sad facesB. Meltzoff: infant imitationC. Hatfield: watch video of man telling happy/sad storyD. Provine: yawning E. computer generated faceF. attached to resumeG. “lost” in US and Kenya H. measure of helping=returnI. more babyface resumes returned in both cultures J. babyface elicits helping response IX. MeasurementA. human judgements1. observer judgment2. direct measurement (muscle actions)B. physiological measurement1. facial EMG