COMM 415 1st Edition Lecture 17 Outline of Last Lecture I. TouchOutline of Current Lecture II. AssumptionIII. What Functions?IV. Why Use a Functional Approach?V. Theories of Nonverbal ExpressionVI. Encoding Emotional ExpressionCurrent LectureTHE FUNCTIONAL APPROACHI. AssumptionA. multiple behaviors work together to produce the same functionsB. intimacy=gaze, touch, space, etc.C. any given behavior can serve multiple functions II. What Functions?A. social functions1. determined through principled research2. encoding approach-motivations of sender (someone who wants to generate intimacy) B. primary functions of social behavior1. dominance/control2. affiliation/intimacyC. Patterson’s functions1. information2. regulation3. intimacy4. social control (dominance) 5. impression management (deception)6. affect management (emotion)7. service-taskIII. Why use a Functional Approach?A. sensitizes us to discover all behaviors that serve a particular function (a multivariate approach)B. recognize that individual behaviors can have multiple functions C. organizes research on channels These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.EMOTIONI. Theories of Nonverbal ExpressionA. Ekman’s neuro-cultural theory1. studied photos of Olympic medal winners 2. gold medal winners displayed Duchenne smile3. most silver medal winners displayed sadness, sadness-smile blend, forced smiles, contempt 4. regardless of culture of athlete5. four components• elicitors: environmental factors that produce an emotional state• display rules: cultural, personal, situational factors that modify the conditions that elicit emotion or its expression (culture specific); can effect how we respond to elicitors • intensify • attenuate • neutralize • mask• behavioral consequences: nonverbal and verbal signs of emotion, physiological arousal, etc. • facial affect program: brain function that triggers facial muscles B. facial feedback hypothesis1. external facial displays affect internal emotional state (if you smile you will feel happy) 2. intense pose and concealment of pain from shock3. physiological response is diminished by attempts to conceal4. people were happier when their cheeks were lifted (smile)5. people taught to react with smile or frown when exposed to different stimuli6. participants rated stimuli higher in pleasantness in the smile condition compared to the frown condition II. Encoding Emotional ExpressionA. developmental issues1. infant facial muscles capable of assuming many expressions2. imitation (even in pre-term infants)3. judges can correctly identify model’s facial display based on facial reaction of infant 4. smile, sad present at birth fear, anger, surprise come later5. infants don’t show matching on sadness B. personality differences1. differences in expressivity 2. low expressive= internalizer3. high expressive= externalizer 4. internalizer—> more physiologically aroused 5. externalizer—>less physiologically aroused C. channels and specific emotions1. communicate different emotional states to a life-sized human-like mannequin dressed in a t-shirt and sweat pants2. people use different channels for different emotions3. touch: most w/ love or sympathy, least w/ guilt, shame, anger, disgust, or fear 4. face and body: used in most emotions except for love and sympathy 5. shame & anger mostly in the body D. relationships between encoding and decoding1. significant association between encoding PURPOSEFUL and INTENTIONAL displays of emotion and emotional decoding skills2. no association between encoding SPONTANEOUS, NATURALISTIC displays of emotion and decoding skills 3. nonverbal decoding skills are associated with what people can do emotionally more then what they actually