COMM 415 1st Edition Lecture 5Outline of Last Lecture I. Interactive Aspects of Gesture and Body Movement Outline of Current Lecture II. Gaze is…III.Functions of GazeIV.Behavioral TerminologyV. Encodinga. individual differencesb. speaker and listener rolesVI. DecodingCurrent LectureGAZEI. Gaze is..A. salient (attention getting)B. arousing (physiologically) C. involving (draws us in)(psychological involvement)II. Functions of GazeA. PRIMARY: regulation of information input B. attraction1. when someone is looking at us we infer they like us moreC. dominance/threatIII. Behavioral TerminologyA. gaze or face-directed gazeB. gaze aversion C. mutual gazeIV. EncodingA. Kendon (1967) 1. total gaze during conversation 18-70%These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. looking while speaking 20-65%3. looking while listening 30-80% 4. mutual gaze 10-30%B. individual differences 1. sexa) females show more gaze than males even from infancy b) female visual monitoring (looking at others in environment) 2. agea) youngest and oldest make most gaze versus middle aged individuals 3. personality traits & gazea) extroversion b) introversion (gaze aversion)c) self-monitoring (careful attention to environment)(aware of perception on other people)d) social anxiety (fear of social situations; driven by the expectation that you will not be able to successfully make the impression you want to make)(gaze aversion)e) social anxiety & gaze aversion• participants viewed video clips• 13 involved positive social feedback; 13 negative social feedback • computerized eye tracking system• people with social anxiety disorder exhibited greater global gaze avoidance inresponse to both the positive and negative video clips, compared to controls 6. dominance (need for power/status)(tendency to break rules of gaze)(dominant vs submissive; dominant breaks gaze first) 7. need for affiliation (strong desire for interaction)(uncomfortable being alone) ***D2L image graph***c. speaker & listener roles1. % of Looking while Listening (LL) is greater than the % of Looking while Speaking (LS)2. LL is the norm of attentiveness (showing you are engaged) 3. look away at beginning of speaking turn and look toward at end of turn4. using gaze to manage cognitive loada) abstract shapes described to children & adultsb) children made more correct responses when looking at the floor during description versus those who made eye contact with the adult describing the shapec) adults performed equally well when looking at the floor or face of speaker during descriptiond) looking at another’s face increases cognitive load e) we manage this by looking away during mentally challenging tasks 5. Breed & Colaiuta (1974)1. sampled the visual attentiveness of college students in social psychology lectures2. samples were 20 seconds per class for 15 class sessions3. those who received the highest midterm and final exam scores spent more time looking at the instructor and less time “looking around” than those who performed more poorly V. DecodingA. decoding gaze1. anxiety 2. credibility, competence, intelligence (gaze is not a reliable tell all)3. decoders believe you if you make eye contact (gaze manipulation)4. attractiveness (someone is attractive is they are making eye contact with us)a) gaze and perceptions of attractiveness• viewed 40 photos of unfamiliar models• brain activity monitored with functional magnetic resonance imaging • brain activity in ventral striatum is positively correlated with perceptions of attractiveness (1) ventral striatum associated with rewards prediction • this region of the brain is activated when decoding
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