COMM 415 1st Edition Lecture 22Outline of Last Lecture I. Deception Outline of Current Lecture II. Sex Differences in Nonverbal Behavior Current LectureSEX DIFFERENCES IN NONVERBAL BEHAVIORHenley (1977) body politics: power, sex, and nonverbal communicationo Descriptive Claim: signs of low status exhibited nonverbally are also the typical signs exhibited by females, high status signs are exhibited by maleso Reason: the reason is the power base of society -- society is structured so that women are in low status and men are in high status positionsA. Spaceo Men take up more space than womeno FF dyads use the least, MM the mostB. Toucho Low status people are the object of touch more than high status peopleo Women touch others more than men doo No clear pattern of touch asymmetry in M - F vs. F - MC. Posture & Movemento Ms exhibit more body movements than Fs when conersingo Fs gesture more than M, but M use more large body movementso Fs sit in a moreupright posture and exhibit more forward lean (toward partner)o Meno sit in a more open posture and women in a more closed postureBoth exude different signs of statusD. Gazeo Females gaze more than maleso Sex difference in gaze increases with ageo Females are gazed at more than maleso Does gaze = high status (stare) or low status (monitor environment)?E. Effects of sex vs. status on dominance ratioo F expert, M nonexpert (F > M)o M expert, F nonexpert (M > F)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.o F expert, M expert (M > F)F. Sex differences in attention to regions of the faceo Presented subjects with images of people in outdoor settingso Tracked the viewers' eye movementso Male focus on mouth region of targeto Females focus on eye region of the targeto Males may have a preference for dynamic features of the faceo Attracted to movemento May also aid in speech recognitionG. Facial Expressiono Females smile more than maleso Females are smiled at more than maleso Females are more facially expressiveo Females are better decoders of facial expressiono Effect is evident in studies of infants, children, and adolescents, but it is weako Females perform better on decoding nonverbal signs of emotion, but it is weako Females pay greater attention to visual infoH. Talk Timeo 396 subject o Electronically Activated Recording (EAR) deviceo Randomly records 30 sec every 12.5 mins for 17 hourso Women 16,215 wordso Men 15,669 wordso Not significantly differentI. I'm bored.J. Influences on Male and female styles of interactiono Attention (females pay more attentiont o vocal,f acial, and body cues)o Responsiveness: females are moer influenced by nonverbal than verbal cues relative to meno Knowledge: females seem more aware of the relationship between particular nonverbal cues and various emotional statesK. Factors that influence female decoding sensitivity/skillo The empathy hypothesis: woman are accurate judges of nonverbal cues because they are more sensitive to other's emotional experienceso The masculine-femininity hypothesis: women are good decoders because they are feminineo The oppression hypothesis: women decode well because oppressed peopleare forced to develop such skills in order to cope with societyo The accommodation Hypothesis: women are brought up to be socially accommodating so they attend to and decode best of those cues that are most controlled, so as to interpret the message, the sender WANTS to sendL. Conclusiono Where there are sex differences in nonverbal communication behaviors, they are weak in magnitude.o Sex rarely explains more that 1% of the observed variation in nonverbal behaviors.The bottom line on sex differences in nonverbal communication: there is more behavioral variation Within each of the sexes than there is between the