COMM 415 1st Edition Lecture 23Outline of Last Lecture I. Sex Differences in Nonverbal Behavior Outline of Current Lecture II. Animal Communication Current LectureANIMAL COMMUNICATIONI. Introduction & DefinitionsA. animals A communicates with animal B when:1. A’s behavior manipulates B’s sense organs in such a way that B’s behavior has changed B. primary functions of animal communication1. regulating social interaction (often by expressive attitudes toward social partners) 2. giving information (location of food sources, predators, nest sites) C. ways to assign meaning to an animal signal1. look at the state of the signaling animal (encoding)2. observe the response of the receiving individuals (decoding) D. bees communicate with movement E. ritualization1. the evolutionary process by which a behavior pattern becomes increasingly effective as a signal 2. begins with a behavior that is functional in another context3. the behavior eventually acquires a secondary value as a signal (human disgust face)II. Interspecies CommunicationA. animal can communicate within species and across speciesB. cleaner fish will send signals to turn off the prey catching responses of a host C. dog-human1. 12 owners of mudis (dog breed), 12 owners of the breeds, 12 who did not own a dog2. recordings of dog barksThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.3. all participants could correctly classify the aggressive, fearful and playful barks’4. dog barks contain info about their emotional state is easily decoded by humansD. crows1. birds exposed to “dangerous face” wearing a mask when the bird was trapped and tagged2. after trapping, crows used harsh vocalizations to scold and mob people who wore the dangerous mask 3. prior to trapping, crows did not scold people who wore the dangerous mask 4. after trapping, crows did not scold trappers who wore no mask or who wore a different mask than the one during trapping5. crows ignored the neutral mask and followed and scolded the person wearingthe dangerous mask 6. memory effect held 2.7 years after trapping III. Olfactory Communication (smell)A. the earliest form of communication (chemical)B. rich in informationC. all but lost in primates, especially humans D. can travel over great distancesE. some receivers are highly sensitive (female, silk moth and bomo bykol)F. influence reciever’s actionsG. sent can function as1. territory marker2. personal perfumeIV. Auditory Communication (sound)A. predator alarms in marmosets1. showed marmosets 1 of 4 different models of a predator (owl, falcon, snake)2. recorded their alarm calls3. played back their alarm calls to other marmosets4. recorded gaze of the decoder 5. marmosets looked upward while listening to the playbacks of bird-elicited calls and downward for snake-elicited calls V. Visual DisplaysA. displays are stereotyped motor patterns1. they were once instrumentally functional, but now have a symbolic functionB. origins of display1. high emotion2. intention movements3. displacement movements C. posture1. display postures often show off distinctive features (color, patterns, weapons)2. can be a deterrent without injury to the adversary 3. evolved as signals4. can be deceptive (distraction, display) a) mother birds fake injuries to protect nest 5. adjusting communication posture and movement to avoid predationa) brown anole lizard b) 3 visual signal: pushups head bobs, the dewlap expression (throat fan) c) head bob is least conspicuousd) simulated attack with model of Kestrel on fishing linee) lizard kept emitting head bobs but reduce pushups and dewlap expressionD. facial expression 1. humans are very advanced users of facial expression 2. facial expressions mostly used just by mammals3. the more evolved the animal is, the more sophisticated its facial repertoire is (also have good