COMM 415-1st Lecture Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture I. Syllabus & RegulationsOutline of Current Lecture II. Given vs. Given Off BehaviorsIII. Aspects of Meaning in Nonverbal BehaviorIV. Usage, Origins & CodingV. 5 Categories of Nonverbal BehaviorVI. Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal BehaviorCurrent LectureTuesday, January 15, yCATEGORIES OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR, DISTINCTIONS & HISTORYI. Given vs. Given Off behaviors (Goffman) A. given: purposive and intentional; under control of the actorB. given off: not purposive or intentional; not under the control of the sender 1. things we are doing that we may not realize we are doing2. virtually all language is given except for “slips of the tongue”-(given off)II. Aspects of Meaning in Nonverbal Behavior A. INTENTION (encoding): what are people’s intentions when they emit a particular be-havior? 1. encoding: how they are put into action; to produce, or express behavior B. PERCEPTION/INTERPRETATION (decoding): how to receivers of the particular behavior interpret it? 1. decoding: response to encoded behaviorex: sexual harassment C. INTERACTIVE: are there behaviors that have a reliable behavioral effect on others?ex: proxemics D. SHARED ENCODING-DECODING: are there behaviors whose meaning senders and receivers consistently agree on?These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.III. Usage, Origins & Coding A. external conditions (context)B. relationship to the verbal behavior1. nonverbal behaviors can change the meanings of verbal behaviors 2. sarcasm C. awareness1. does the encoder know he/she is performing a certain behavior?2. conscious awareness-one must be aware of a behavior to control itex: blushing D. intent1. what do people want to achieve by enacting a particular behavior?2. do they know they are performing the behavior?ex: pitch of voice changes due to emotion E. feedbackex: comments on nonverbal behaviors F. typed of information conveyed1. proxemics in couples2. nonverbal behaviors in observation of others3. 4 types of information conveyed **Graphic Available on D2L**• IDIOSYNCRATIC: usage and meaning is peculiar to the individual• INFORMATIVE: shared encoding and decoding• COMMUNICATIVE: enacted with clear, conscious intention to convey a mes-sage• INTERACTIVE: influence or modify another person’s behavior ex: action in response to an action G. Origins/sources of behaviors1. innate neurological mechanisms (hardwired/pre-programmed)ex: startle reactions, disgust reactions2. species constant experiencesex: observed, practiced and penetrated behavior of specific species 3. learning and socializationex: smiling when happy; “OK” hand gesture; natural conventions of learning by watching others H. Coding of Nonverbal Behavior **Graphic Available on D2L**1. ARBITRARY: no intrinsic meaning in behavior; meaning happens by conventionex: peace sign with fingers; doesn’t actually look like or mean peace, simply understood through convention2. ICONIC (metaphoric): preserve some aspects of the referent, do not need verbal to be understood ex: phone gesture “call me” mimics the shape of the phone (receiver/mouthpiece) 3. INTRINSIC: the act IS a case of the thing that it is signifyingex: punching someone (aggression) vs. (a symbol of aggression) shaking your fist at someone IV. Five Categories of Nonverbal Behavior (Ekman & Friesen) A. emblems (direct meaning)1. most are gestures2. some are facial expressions; smiling=happy B. illustrators1. illustrate the word “can you get me a box about ‘THIS’ big” showing a gesture to illustrate size of box C. adaptors (used to regulate arousal level)1. occur outside of conscious awareness 2. twiddling thumbs; shaking of leg D. regulators1. nonverbal conversation penetrators that communicate the flow of verbal behavior nonverballyex: “I’m good. How are you..?” E. emotion displays1. can work in multiple channels (clothing; posture; facial expressions)V. Relationship Between Verbal and Nonverbal Behavior A. substitute for verbal with gesturesB. nonverbal behaviors will sometimes compliment the verbal1. holistically matching the verbal behavior (use of stress in gesture and verbal behav-ior)C. nonverbal communication can be used to accent the verbal1. key term of the utterance (use of stress in verbal behavior) D. nonverbal behaviors regulate our verbal behaviors or can change its meaning (traffic signals of human