COMM 415 1st EditionLecture 9Outline of Last Lecture I. ClothingOutline of Current Lecture II. FunctionsIII. Behaviorsa. qualitiesb. vocalizationsc. temporal characteristicsIV. Encoding Factorsa. personalityb. emotionsc. anxietyd. cognitive loade. sex differencesf. ageCurrent Lecture(9)Tuesday, February 17, yPARALANGUAGE & FEATURES OF THE VOICEI. FunctionsA. regulating the flow of conversation (marking the end/beginning of a speaking turn)B. emotional states (next to the face, voice is #2 channel of human emotion communication) C. cognitionD. speaker characteristicsE. informationF. impressionsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.II. BehaviorsA. QUALITIES: vary from speaker to speaker (e.g. articulation, resonance-how clear the voice is-, thinness)B. VOCALIZATIONS: characteristics that are modified by all speakers (e.g. loudness, pitch,stress)C. TEMPORAL CHARACTERISTICS: aspects of speech that are a function of time (e.g. speech rate, pause duration, response latency)1. ***Spectrogram Image*** • vocal fingerprint2. Pauses• phonetic pause: duration of < 250 ms (1.4 sec)• so fast, it is not even perceived as silence• silent pause: duration > 250 ms• filled pause: duration > 250 ms, but has a sound in it (e.g. umm, ah, etc.)• used to show thinking and holding the floorIII. Encoding FactorsA. personality1. extraversion (fluent speech style)• fewer silent pauses• lack hesitancy• faster speech rate• volume2. introversion (speech errors/less fluent speech style)• stuttering• repetitions• slips of the tongue• discomfort3. dominance (loud/fluent speech style)• status achievement• need for power4. type A behavior (loud/fluent speech style)• control over environment• impatience (get a lot done in short periods of time)• faster speech rate• volumeB. emotions (& the voice)1. studying emotional qualities of the voice (content free)• read a standard passage (varying emotions)• random splicing • electronic content filtering• synthesize voices (or vocal characteristics)(emotion conveyed w/out real voice)2. anger (high pitch, wide pitch range, loud, fast)3. joy (high pitch, wide pitch range, loud, fast)4. sad (low pitch, narrow pitch range, soft, slow)C. anxiety (& vocal behavior) anxious people…1. have high non-ah speech disturbance ration (unfilled pauses, hesitancies, repetitions, false starts: fluent speech)2. have high speech disturbance ratio (SDR-developed by Mahl) (repetition, sentence incompletion or reconstruction, omission, tongue slips, stutter, “ahs”: fluent speech)3. have high response latency (mental work is famous for slowing us down)4. have a higher speech rate D. cognitive load (& vocal behavior)1. speech production is very cognitively demanding 2. decision making —> speech hesitation3. hesitations cluster at the beginning of clauses 4. Reynolds & Pavio (1968)• described abstract nouns—> longer response latency, more silent pauses, and filled pauses than describing concrete nouns (justice-broad- vs. car-specific-)• ambiguous interviewer probes (tell me about your family) —> more filled and silent pauses than specific interviewer probes (what kind of works do you do?)• alcohol increases silent pauses and hesitations-before indication of intoxication inblood level • 90% of utterances are 10 words or less• 33% are 3 words or
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