COMM 415: Nonverbal Communication --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TERMS AND CONCEPTS FROM LECTURE THAT YOU SHOULD KNOW FOR EXAM III --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DECEPTION deception - DECEPTION: An act intended to foster in another, a belief that the deceiver considers false - Key: conscious deliberate intent - Deception has a dual nature: communication of specific info, and metacommunication about thetruth value of the content deception cues vs. leakage cues - Deception cues: information that gives away the falsehood- Leakage cues: information that gives away the true information cue competition - Cue competition: when verbal and nonverbal signs carry implications that are at odds detection apprehension - Detection apprehension: the fear of being caught and telling a lie Othello error - Occurs a lie catcher fails to consider that a truthful person who is under stress many appear to be lying; truthful people may be afraid of being disbelieved what are the underlying emotions associated with deception? - Fear (detection apprehension)- Guilt (deception guilt- because they know that what they are saying or doing is wrong)- Excitement (“duping delight”) theoretical approaches to understanding deception (attempted control, arousal, etc.)- Attempted control (lacking spontaneity) (too exaggerated)- Arousal (lying is an arousal producing act, arousal amps up intensity of nonverbal behavior….talkfaster, pupil dilation)- Affect - emotion- Cognitive load (lying is difficult) (Keep your story strait)are people good lie detectors? why or why not? - humans are poor lie detectors - Reviewed 40 studies - 67% accuracy rate for detecting truths- 44% accuracy rate for detecting lies - high accuracy for truth, low accuracy for lies = “truth bias”- We assume people tell us the truth - People do not do much better than chance at detecting deception- People typically report extremely high confidence in their detection ability; this is misplaces confidence can observers tell when children are lying? - Induced 3 to 7 year olds to lie - Temptation resistance paradigm - College student watched video taped interrogation - 3 to 7 year olds have not fully developed their deception skills - However, judges could not accurately detected the lairs based on nonverbal cues - Someone at the 86th percentile of detection ability is only 1% better than someone at the 16th percentile factors that influence human lie detection ability (e.g., motivation to catch liars, absence of Pinocchio’s nose effect) - Lack of motivation to catch liars - Absence of Pinocchio’s nose effect- Counter-measures- to appear being credible without getting caught - Embedded Lies- telling the majority of truth and then a tiny law, often mix in the lie with a lot of truth so their nonverbal does not seem like they are lying - No adequate feedback - Violation of conversational rules - Good liars (Charming)common errors in lie detection (e.g., examining wrong cues, overemphasis on nonverbal cues) - examining the wrong cues (most common)- overemphasis on nonverbal cues (increase eye contact) - the Othello Error (when the trust teller appears nervous and is judged to be a liar simply because the stakes are high) - use of heuristics (mental shortcuts; rules of thumb; use it to judge liars or truth-tellers)- neglect of interpersonal differences (failure to understand that there is always a range of behaviors in a group of people)- overconfidence in lie detection skills truth bias - People are especially likely to judge familiar vs. unfamiliar persons as truthful what body regions and behaviors are good indicators of deception? o provide fewer details o making less sense o internal discrepancies (their story doesn’t match up) o repetitions (repeat details of the lie) o less verbal/vocal involvement o fewer illustrators o less verbal immediacy (how quickly they answer the question; responses are delayed) o pupil dilation (not very useful; when aroused our pupils dilate) o increased vocal pitch microexpressions - momentary expressions of facial emotion - squelched almost immediately - insight into underlying emotional state DOMINANCE behaviors related to this function (e.g., persuasion, feedback, etc.) - persuasion - feedback and reinforcement - deception - impression managementdominance ratio - the percentage of time a person looks while speaking divided by the percentage of time a person spends looking while listeningstatus and the dominance ratio - when people’s relative status in a conversation changes, their DR changes - Dominance Ratio and Status Study: college student participants  confederate introduced as “high school senior who did not want to go to collegeand who hoped to get a job in a gas station” (person felt like high-status)  OR introduced as “a senior college chemistry honors student already accepted into a prestigious medical school” (felt like lower-status person)  had them discuss 3 interpersonal dilemmas and come up with a solution  DR close to 1 when subject had high stats DR <1 when low status dress, posture, and dominance - males of high status wear more formal clothing than males of lower status - no association between female status and clothing formality - in dyadic interactions, people of higher status exhibit more forward lean (toward the partner) - this is done by men and women - also more open/relaxed posture decoding dominance from the speaker's dominance ratio - Dominance Ratio and Perceptions of Power Study:  looking while speaking/looking while listening was manipulated 55/45, 40/60, 25/75 in stimuli tapes  judges rated individuals for dominance  the increased in DR lead to increases in judgments of dominance  this didn’t differ for male or female confederates  graph on d2l talk duration, speech rate, and perceptions of power - Low Status Paralinguistic Cues in Social Anxiety Study: read 3 different types of sentences:1. neutral (Danny went to work with his dad and Chad helped us on the beach)2. request (Please open the window)3. command (Open the window immediately)  people with social anxiety use non-confident paralanguage  use higher pitch  lower vocal intensity for men lesser increase of vocal intensity in command utterances  in men, but not