COMM 415 1st Study GuideExam # 1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 -9Lecture 1 (January 20)(NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR)Given vs. Given Off behaviors (Goffman)1. given: purposive and intentional; under control of the actor2. given off: not purposive or intentional; not under the control of the sender • things we are doing that we may not realize we are doing• virtually all language is given except for “slips of the tongue”-(given off)Which is more trustable: verbal or nonverbal?1. non-verbalE ncoding 1. INTENTION (encoding): what are people’s intentions when they emit a particular behavior? • encoding: how they are put into action; to produce, or express behaviorDecoding1. PERCEPTION/INTERPRETATION (decoding): how to receivers of the partic-ular behavior interpret it? • decoding: response to encoded behaviorex: sexual harassment Interactive responses1. INTERACTIVE: are there behaviors that have a reliable behavioral effect on others?ex: proxemics Shared encoding and decoding1. SHARED ENCODING-DECODING: are there behaviors whose meaning senders and receivers consistently agree on?What are some of the important aspects that affect the usage of nonverbal behaviors (e.g., external conditions, awareness, external feedback)1. external conditions (context)2. relationship to the verbal behavior• nonverbal behaviors can change the meanings of verbal behaviors 3. sarcasm4. awareness• does the encoder know he/she is performing a certain behavior?• conscious awareness-one must be aware of a behavior to control itex: blushing5. intent• what do people want to achieve by enacting a particular behavior?• do they know they are performing the behavior?ex: pitch of voice changes due to emotion6. feedbackex: comments on nonverbal behaviors7. types of information conveyed• proxemics in couples• nonverbal behaviors in observation of othersBehaviors that are: idiosyncratic, informative, communicative, interactive1. IDIOSYNCRATIC: usage and meaning is peculiar to the individual2. INFORMATIVE: shared encoding and decoding3. COMMUNICATIVE: enacted with clear, conscious intention to convey a message4. INTERACTIVE: influence or modify another person’s behavior ex: action in response to an actionOrigins of behaviors (e.g., innate neurological mechanisms, etc.)1. innate neurological mechanisms (hardwired/pre-programmed)ex: startle reactions, disgust reactions2. species constant experiencesex: observed, practiced and penetrated behavior of specific species 3. learning and socializationex: smiling when happy; “OK” hand gesture; natural conventions of learning by watching others Coding (e.g., arbitrary, iconic, etc.)1. ARBITRARY: no intrinsic meaning in behavior; meaning happens by conventionex: peace sign with fingers; doesn’t actually look like or mean peace, simply understood through convention2. ICONIC (metaphoric): preserve some aspects of the referent, do not need verbal to be understood ex: phone gesture “call me” mimics the shape of the phone (receiver/mouthpiece) 3. INTRINSIC: the act IS a case of the thing that it is signifyingex: punching someone (aggression) vs. (a symbol of aggression) shaking your fist at someone Five categories of nonverbal behavior (from Ekman & Friesen --e.g., em-blems, illustrators, etc.1. emblems (direct meaning)• most are gestures• some are facial expressions; smiling=happy2. illustrators• illustrate the word “can you get me a box about ‘THIS’ big” showing a gesture to• illustrate size of box3. adaptors (used to regulate arousal level)• occur outside of conscious awareness• twiddling thumbs; shaking of legs4. regulators• nonverbal conversation penetrators that communicate the flow of ver-bal behavior nonverballyex: “I’m good. How are you..?”5. emotion displays• can work in multiple channels (clothing; posture; facial expressions)Relationship between verbal and nonverbal (e.g., substitute, complement, etc.)1. substitute for verbal with gestures2. nonverbal behaviors will sometimes compliment the verbal• holistically matching the verbal behavior (use of stress in gesture and verbal behavior)3. nonverbal communication can be used to accent the verbal• key term of the utterance (use of stress in verbal behavior)4. nonverbal behaviors regulate our verbal behaviors or can change its meaning (traffic signals of human conversation)Lecture 2 (January 22)Factors that renewed interest in the study of gesture1. speculation about the origins of language; Hewes (1973, 76) for gestural origin of language• gesture is the more primitive form of human communication2. chimpanzees can be taught some aspects of sign language **Gorilla Foundation Video**3. the linguistic study of sign language4. Gestural Origin of Language• studied use of gestures in human, chimpanzee, and bonobo (all language enculturated)Gestural vs. symbolic representation in communication among great apes1. gestural representation of a referent preceded symbolic representation of the same referent in humans and apes2. across species, the ratio of symbol to gesture increased significantly withage3. as we mature we go from pointing => symbolic gestureDefinition of gesture (and “ gesture vs. practical action)1. a movement of the body or any part of the body, that is considered to be expressive of thought or feeling2. what is the difference between “gesture” and “practical actions?”• some gestures started out as practical actions, they became so styl-ized that they are now considered gestureTypes of gestures (e.g., emblems, illustrators, etc.)1. EMBLEMS: gestures that can be translated into words; completely replace speech• intentional • expressive2. ILLUSTRATORS: opposite of emblems; compliment speech; dependent on speech; do not mean anything without speech• adding a visual element to an idea ex: “THIS” (size gesture) big…3. REGULATORS: gestures we use to manage the flow of conversation; to let our partner know when we are done talking so that they can start• traffic signals of human conversation4. ADAPTORS: gestures we enact when we are trying to manage our arousal; over-aroused (nervous) under-aroused (bored)• most occur outside of conscious awareness• self adaptors: making contact with one’s body• object adaptors: gestural contact with an objectBody focused vs. object focused gestures1. OBJECT FOCUSED GESTURES (illustrators)(outward) = expressivity, outgoing2. BODY