What does a nucleotide structure have Nitrogenous base Sugar Phosphate group What do nucleotides form when they are chemically connected together DNA strand What are the two nitrogenous bases Pyrimidine and Purine What is included in the pyrimidine group Cytosine C Thymine T Uracil U What is included in the purine group Adenine A Guanine G Which of the following is only included in the DNA group C T U A or G C T A G Which of the following is only included in the RNA group C T U A or G C U A G Which sugar is found in DNA Deoxyribose Which sugar is found in RNA ribosugar What is the difference between deoxyribose and ribose Deoxyribose has no OH attached at the 2 position while ribose does What does DNA stand for Deoxyribose nucleic acid What does RNA stand for Ribose nucleic acid What does it mean when the strands are antiparallel If one strand is shown in the 5 3 top to bottom the other strand will run 5 3 bottom to top What are the DNA base pairs in the Watson and Crick model A pairs with T G pairs with C How many hydrogen bonds will form if A pairs with T 2 How many hydrogen bonds will form if G pairs with C 3 What are genes Carry the information that encodes the traits that are observed in an organism What are chromosomes The chemical structure that contains genes These are the molecules that pass from parent to offspring during reproduction What was Griffith experiment about He mixed heat killed S and living R cells and he killed the mice What did Griffith conclude about his experiment Something in the heat killed S strain converted the live R strain into a pathogenic strain Transforming substance This enzyme break down RNA molecules into nucleotides RNase This enzyme breaks down DNA into nucleotides DNase This enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acids Protease These enzymes break down fats like triacylglycerides and phospholipids and release free fatty acids Lipase These enzymes break down complex sugars to generate simple sugars What happens during a synthesis dehydration reaction synthesizing a polymerDehydration removes a water molecule forming a new bond What happens during a breakdown hydrolysis reaction breaking down a polymer Adds a water molecule breaking a bond What are enzymes Substances that accelerate chemical reactions but are not consumed in the reaction What is the monomer repeat unit of a protein called Usually proteins What is the polymer state of a protein called Polypeptide What elements does protein consist of C H O N and S Which protein function involved all synthesis and breakdown reactions involved in carbohydrates and lipids that are carried out by enzymes Enzyme reactions Which protein function has antibodies that are also controversial due to their costs to patients Defensive proteins Which protein function during development there is a need for amino acid without having to ramp up amino acid synthesis Can also be hydrolyzed and their amino acid recycled into new proteins Storage proteins Which protein function can transport proteins within the membrane Transport proteins What protein function is considered the second class of in addition to the steroid Hormones What protein function binds to signaling molecules and initiate cell responses Motor protein What protein function adds strength to tissue Structural proteins How many amino acids are there 20 What 4 amino acid groups are attached to an alpha carbon Amino functional group Carboxyl Hydrogen R group What are some of the properties of the amino group nitrogen and two three hydrogens acts as a base can accept a hydrogen to become positively charged pH of around 7 What are some of the properties of the carboxyl group chemical formula COOH can act like a weak acid and give up a proton to solvent acts as an acid pH 7 2 in blood deprotonated they have a negative charge What are the four general classes of amino acids in nature Nonpolar amino acids Polar amino acids Acidic amino acids Basic amino acids What has sidechains that are characterized by groups that favorably interact with water through hydrogen bonding Polar amino acids What has carboxyl side chains that deprotonate in aqueous media near physiological pH 7 2 Acidic amino acids What has side chains that are protonated at physiological pH and are positively charged When does a polypeptide formation occur Occurs by a dehydration reaction between carboxyl and amino groups Results in a peptide bond What is the loss of water that is coupled to the formation of a C N bond Peptide bond What is the enzyme that carries out protein synthesis in eukaryotes Ribosome True or False To be a functional protein a polypeptide must fold into a specific structure True Which level is the list of amino acids from N C for each polypeptide chain in the protein Primary structure What does primary structure consist of Length Composition Determines shape and function Which level describes how the polypeptide backbone is folded into difference 3D arrangements Secondary structure What are the two most common 3D structures in proteins in a secondary structure Alpha helix Beta pleated sheet How are secondary structure elements stabilized By the formation of specific hydrogen bonds between NH and CO groups What is the main purpose of the secondary structure Interactions between backbone groups Hydrogen bonds What structure has interactions between the R groups Tertiary structure What structure has interactions between two or more polypeptides Quaternary structure What is the creation of polypeptides from genes encoded in a DNA based chromosome Gene expression What are the two stages of gene expression Transcription and Translation What is the conversion of the information encoded in DNA into a complementary RNA mRNA or messenger RNA What happens in prokaryotes with transcription and translation Two separate processes occur in the same region aka the cytoplasm What happens in eukaryotes with transcription and translation Transcription occurs in one region of the cell nucleus and translation occurs in the cell cytoplasm What is the order of the Central Dogma DNA RNA Protein What are three nucleotides that specify one amino acid Codon
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