Slide 1OutlineDefining Middle AdulthoodDefining Late AdulthoodLife Satisfaction and AgeLongevity and AgingDifferences in Life ExpectancyLongevity & AgingTheories of Biological AgingGenetic Programming Variable Rate Theories TheoriesGeneral Principle:Physical changes in Middle AdulthoodPhysical Development in Late AdulthoodPhysical changes in Middle AdulthoodPhysical Changes in Late AdulthoodSleep in Middle AdulthoodSensory changes in Middle AdulthoodSensory changes in Late AdulthoodSensory Changes in Late AdulthoodMenopauseSymptoms of MenopauseHealth After Menopause: OsteoporosisChanges in Male SexualityHealth and disease in middle adulthoodHealth TrendsHealth Status in Late AdulthoodHealthCauses of Death in Later AdulthoodFigure 15.4 - Physical Fitness and MortalityHealthFigure 15.6 - Perceived Control and MortalityActivities of Daily LivingDevelopmental PSYC in Real LifePhysical Development in Middle and Late AdulthoodFrom Chapters 13 and 15Outline•Defining Middle and Late Adulthood•Physical Development in Middle and Late Adulthood•Physical changes•Sensory changes•Hormonal changes•Health TrendsDefining Middle Adulthood•Middle adulthood – 40 years to about 65•Early Middle Adulthood (40 – 55 yrs.)•Late Middle Adulthood (55 – 65 yrs.) •Aging is a positive experience for most people, at least until about age 75Defining Late Adulthood•Who is “old”? •Depends on who you ask•Younger adults: 60+ years•Older adults (65+): 74 yrs•Depends on Policy •Medicare: 65 yrs•United Nations & IRS : 60 yrs•AARP & World health Organization: 50 yrsLife Satisfaction and AgeLongevity and Aging•Longevity:•Life Expectancy:•Life Span:Differences in Life Expectancy•Influenced by •Context/Culture•Gender•Behavioral factors – •Biological factors --Longevity & Aging•Centenarians•Biological factors•Contextual factors15-8Theories of Biological AgingGenetic Programming TheoriesVariable Rate TheoriesProgrammed Senescence TheoryWear-and-Tear TheoryEndocrine Theory Free Radical TheoryImmunological Theory Rate-of-living TheoryEvolutionary Theory Autoimmune TheoryGenetic Programming Variable Rate TheoriesTheoriesGeneral Principle:•People who are active early in life reap the benefits later in life•Use it or lose it!Physical changes in Middle Adulthood•Skin becomes wrinkled•Hair becomes thinner•Fat in torso•Can be avoided: eating and exercise•Teeth yellowPhysical Development in Late Adulthood•Wrinkles and age spots•Loss of height and weight•Slower MovementPhysical changes in Middle Adulthood•Strength, joints, and bones•Sarcopenia •Cartilage become less flexible•Bone loss begins - Osteopenia•Start to lose height•Endurance decreases•Cardiovascular systemPhysical Changes in Late Adulthood•The circulatory system and lungs •Cardiovascular disorders increase •Lung capacity drops 40 percent •Endurance decreases•Can improve with exerciseSleep in Middle Adulthood•Beginning in 40s, •wakeful periods are more frequent•Less of deepest sleep•Factors in poor sleep•High number of prescription and non prescription medications•Obese•Depressed•Cardiovascular disease•50 % of older adults = difficulty sleepingSensory changes in Middle Adulthood•Changes in Vision•Presbyopia: “far-sighted”•Sensitivity to light•Loss of visual acuity•Myopia “near-sighted”•Changes in hearing•Hearing Loss: Presbycusis•Speeds up in the fiftiesSensory changes in Late Adulthood•Vision•visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception decline•cataracts•glaucoma •macular degenerationSensory Changes in Late Adulthood•Hearing•Degeneration of cochlea*•Smell and taste•Most older adults lose some ability to taste and/or smell•Touch and pain•Changes in touch are not problematic•Decreased sensitivity to pain may mask injury and illnessMenopause•Average age: 52 years•When a woman permanently stops ovulating and menstruatingSymptoms of Menopause•Little discomfort for many•Most common = hot flashes•Other symptoms:•In the US, most women view menopause positivelyHealth After Menopause: Osteoporosis•Can result in loss of height and ‘hunchback’•Ethnic differences•Slowing osteoporosis:•Proper nutrition•Exercise•Avoidance of smokingChanges in Male Sexuality•No ‘male menopause’•Testosterone decreases slowly •About 1% per year after the 30sHealth and disease in middle adulthood•Frequency of accidents declines •Fewer colds and allergies •Role of Stress in disease13-24Health Trends•Arthritis is the most common•Cancer (all)•Leading cause of death in middle age•Heart Disease •Leading cause of death in middle age•Role of hostility•Hypertension – risk factor for cardiovascular and kidney diseases•Diabetes – has doubled since 1990sHealth Status in Late Adulthood•Most older adults (73%) report being in good general health but on average… •have 2-3 chronic health conditions•5 prescriptionsHealth•Exercise•Prevention of common chronic diseases•Improvement in the treatment of many diseases•Improves older adults cellular functioning and immune system functioning15-27Causes of Death in Later Adulthood•Cancers •65–74-year-olds •Cardiovascular disease •Leading cause of death for those 75+ years old•Accidents •6th leading cause of death in older adults•Linked to frailty and pneumoniaFigure 15.4 - Physical Fitness and Mortality15-29Health•Health treatment •Extended-care facilities •Geriatric nurses•Factor related to health in a nursing home:15-30Figure 15.6 - Perceived Control and Mortality15-31Activities of Daily LivingActivities of Daily Living (ADLs)Dressing, Bathing, Toileting, Getting around the house, Getting in and out of bed, Grooming, MealsInstrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)Going shopping alone, Using phone, taking meds, heavy housework and laundry, getting around townFunctional ActivitiesWalking, climbing Stairs; Reaching, grasping; Lifting and carryingDevelopmental PSYC in Real Life•What are 2-5 best practices that you can put into practice now to help your later years?•If you have aging grandparents or relatives, what kinds of activities you might do with them to optimize their later