REVIEW SHEET FOR EXAM 4ADOLESCENCE AND YOUNG ADULTHOODPHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT• Puberty: Process that leads to sexual maturity or fertility period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal + bodily changesWhat are its causes, timing, and effects? Hormonal and bodily changes – testosterone and estrogen, secular trend, height and weightBrain developmentWhat changes are occurring in the Amygdala and Pre-Frontal Cortex? Amygdala The seat of emotions such as anger, this area develops before other regions, Pre-frontal Cortex this “judgment” region reins in intense emotions but doesn’t finish developing until at least adulthood.Exercise, Sleep, and TimeHow much exercise is best? 30 minutes 3-5x a week What age has the best strength and endurance? 19 to 26What changes are occurring in the natural sleep cycles for teens? Bed later How much sleep is best during the teen years? 9 hoursWhat changes occur in how teens uses their free time? Friends less familyWhat are the main Eating disorders? Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia NervosaWhat are the symptoms and treatments? Anorexia Nervosa – self-starvation; distorted body image Bulimia Nervosa – Bingeing and undoing of caloric intake on regular basis Treatment– reward eatingDrug AbuseWhat is the most commonly used drug during the teen years? AlcoholWhat differences exist between teen and young adult drinking behavior? Adolescents drink less frequently than adults but drink more per occasionSexual BehaviorWhat is the average age for initiating sexual activity? 16 boys What factors are related to delaying sex? Many are not emotionally prepared to handle sexual experiencesWhat type of Sex Ed tends to be most effective? Contraceptive sex ed tends to be the most effectiveHow common are STIs? 1 out of 4Teenage Mothers/FathersWhat are some common traits of teen parents? Low income, low education, unprotected sexWhat are some risks to the mother? Depression and dropping out of schoolChildren of the teenage ParentsWhat are associated with being born to teen parents? Low birth rateSexual OrientationWhat are some accepted causes of sexual orientation? Same sex What does it mean to have a “bi-cultural identity” and why is that recommended? Mixture of two cultures into oneWhat are the most prevalent STIs in young adulthood? GonorrheaWhen do men and women have decreased fertility. What is the most common cause for infertility? Unprotected sexCOGNITIVE DEVELOPMENTDefine Piaget’s Stage of Formal Operations.Develops around what age? adolescentsWhat new abilities are part of formal operational thinking? Abstract thinkingDo all adolescents and adults achieve the formal operational stage? No, about 1/3 onlydo.Information ProcessingWhat structural changes occur? Increased capacity in working memory and long term memoryWhat functional changes occur? Increased ability to reason and draw conclusionsDescribe Elkind’s types of immature ThoughtIdealism/criticalness – Extreme but critical of othersArgumentativeness – Will be more likely to argue especially if the parents talk it out with themHypocrisy – I hate global warming but drink a bunch of plastic waters (first to point out hypocrisy in othersIndecisiveness – a lot of different ways to solve problems but not good at figuring out which is most effectiveImaginary audience – Thinking people are looking at your flaws at the moment but no one noticesPersonal fable – 14 and I just broke up with my first boyfriend and no one can possibly feel what I going through” not a true statementCognition in Emerging AdulthoodWhat are features of adult cognition?Realistic – Idealism decreases as young adults face the constraints of realityPragmatic – Move from acquiring knowledge to applying knowledgeReflective - Relativistic – Belief that as young adults face what they can actually do in reality, they lose their idealistic view of the worldDescribe Postformal thinking – Ability to deal with Uncertainty and inconsistency, contradiction, imperfection and compromise, Draws on Intuition, Emotion, and LogicWhat is Emotional Intelligence? The ability to recognize and deal with one’s own feelings and the feelings of others. Self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship managementCollege:How does thinking change over the college years? Rigidity – Flexibility – Freely chosen commitmentsHow does working positively and/or negatively affect college performance? Positive is organized time and work habits. Negatives are lack of time and tirednessWhat percentage of student’s complete degree in 5 years? 25% (1 out of 4)What factors relate to successfully earning a degree? Motivation, independently, fit between school and studentCognition and WorkWhat is Spillover Hypothesis? Cognitive gains from work carry over to nonworking hoursSOCIAL AND EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT ADOLESCENCEErikson: Identity vs. Identity Confusion – A series of basic life commitments in a variety of spheres. Time or experimentation with roles and personalityMarcia’s Four identity Statuses-give an example of eachIdentity Diffusion – is the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments. Not only are they undecided about occupational and ideological choices, they are also likely to show little interest in such mattersIdentity Foreclosure – is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis. This occurs most often when parents hand down commitments totheir adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.Identity Moratorium – is the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but who commitments are either absent or are only vaguely defined.Identity Achievement – is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitmentFamiliesContrast the “old model” and “new model” of the parent-adolescent relationship Old model of parent-adolescent relationships suggested that as we mature we will detach ourselves from parents and move into a world of autonomy apart from parents. New model emphasizes that: Emerging adulthood to move out – Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems while adolescents explore a wider, more complete social worldHow does the attachment relationship change during the years? Teens seek for more independence from parents talking about their