Research(MethodsAnnouncements• Bring&your&clicker&and&cours e&guide&to&c lass• Due&datesOutline(• Scientific&Method• Research&Methods• Research&Designs• EthicsScientific&Study&of&Human&DevelopmentGoals1. Understand&how&and&why&people&change– examples:2. Understand&how&and&why&people&stay&the&sameScientific(Method1. Focus&on&a&topic&2. Formulate&a&hypothesis3. Test&the&hypothesis&via&research&designs4. Collect&and&analyze&data&(data&collection&methods&vary)5. Draw&conclusions6. Make&results&availableResearch(Methods(ov erview)• Descriptive.Resea rch• Naturalistic&Observation• Surveys/questionnaires• Interviews• Case.Studies• Standardized.tests• Physiological.measuresDescripti ve(research(• Naturalistic&Observation• Directly&observe&people&in&their&natural&environments• Live&or& taped• Try&not&to&disrupt&behavior&&• Discover&patterns&in&behavior&but&can’t&infer&causeDescripti ve(research• Surveys/Questionnaires• Examples• Self-esteem• Self-disclosureDescripti ve(Research• Interviews• Structured&Interview• Questions&never&vary• Semi-structured&Interview• Questions&change&d epending&on&answers• Piaget• KohlbergResearch(Methods• Case&studies• Standardized&tests• Physiological&measuresResearch(MethodsCorrelational.Research• Describes &strength&and&direction&of& relations hip&between&2&variables• Corr e lation&Coefficient&(r)• Ranges&from&-1&and&+1• Positive• Negative• 0&=&no&relationshipActs ofaggressionLessExposure to violent TVLessPOSITIVE CORRELATIONMoreMoreIllnessesLessMoreCrimesLessMoreOptimism scoresLowNEGATIVE CORRELATIONHighPhases of the moonNewZERO CORRELATIONFullCorr elation(=/=(Causation• As&ice&cream&s ales&increase,&the&rate&of&drowning&deaths&increases&sharply.• Therefore,&ice&cream & causes&drowning.• Sleeping&with&one's&shoes&o n&is&strongly&correlated&with&waking&up&with&a&headache.• Therefore,&sleeping&with&one's&shoes&on&causes&headache.• Shaving&habits&and&risk&of&stroke&• Shaving&less&than&once&a&day&increases&ris k&of&stroke&by&70%• http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2729457.stmExperimental(Method• Groups• Experimental• Control• Randomization• Random&Selection• Random&Assignment• Groups&are&the&same&before&treatment• Only&thing&that&changes&is&the&treatmentExperimental(MethodVariables• Behavior&and&events&that&we&try&to&define• Something&that&changes&or&varies• Independent.Var iable• Dependent.Variable• Question&Research&– does&breast&feeding&causebabies&to&be&healthier?Experimental(MethodDevelopmental(R esearch(Designs((Ov erview)1. Cross-Sectional2. Longitudinal&(Pros pective)3. SequentialCross-sectional(Design• Assess&Individuals&of&different&ages&all&at&roughly&the&same&time• Advantage:&Practical• Disadvantage:&• Cohort&Effect:&Differences&between&age&groups&is&due&to&generation&issues,&not&age&differencesCross-sectional(Design(what(does(this(data(describe?)Age Peer Pressure Index (average score)4 08 1212 3016 7620 3524 30Cross-sectional(Design(what(does(this(data(describe?)Age Peer Pressure Index (average score)4 08 1212 3016 7620 3524 30Cross- sectional&Design-Cohort&EffectAge Technology IQ (average score)4 914 6624 7534 7044 5554 4864 3874 1384 9Cross- sectional&Design-Cohort&EffectAge Technology IQ (average score)4 914 6624 7534 7044 5554 4864 3874 1384 9Longitudinal(Design• Assess&the&same&individual s&at&different&times• Advantages:• Problems:8 years old18 years old 28 years oldLongitudinal(Design(What(does(this(data(indicate?)Study&Patriotism:&(assess&SAME&kids&in&November&every&five&years)Age (of group) Patriotism Score10 1515 2420 2425 2530 6035 30Longitudinal(DesignStudy&PatriotismTime&of&testing&effectAge (of group) YEAR(NOV)Patriotism Score10 1981 1515 1986 2420 1991 2425 1996 2530 2001 6035 2006 30Cross(sectional(and(Longitudinal• X-sectional• Pros• Time&efficient• Less&expensive• No&time&of&testing&effect• Cons• Cohort&Effect• Longitudinal• Pros• No&Cohort&Effect• See&individual&change• Cons• Time&of&Testing&Effect• Attrition• Expensive• Long&timeSequential/Time(Lag(Design• Test&different&cohorts&at&different&years• Combine&cross-sectional&and&longitudinalConducting(Ethical(Research• Rights&of&participant&• Responsibilities&of&researchers&• APA’s&guide l in es&address&several&important&issues&1. Informed&Consent2. Confidentiality3. Debriefing4. DeceptionIn-class(acti vity• Ethics&in&Developmental&Research• Complete&the&form&and&then&pr e pare&for&a&discussion.VIDEO(and(in(class(activity:Brain(Growth(and(a(stimulating(environmentUnit&1&Greenough&videoIn&class&activity&on&page&23.• Effects&of&a&Stimulating&Environment&&-Learner.org&(10&min)• http://www.learner.org/resources/ series150.html