Physical Development in Middle and Late AdulthoodFrom Chapters 13 and 15Reminders and Announcements• Paper due• Exam 5• Extra Credit #2• Optional make-up examOutline• Defining Middle and Late Adulthood• Physical Development in Middle and Late Adulthood• Physical changes• Sensory changes• Hormonal changes• Health TrendsDefining Middle Adulthood• Middle adulthood – 40 years to about 65• Early Middle Adulthood (40 – 55 yrs.)• Late Middle Adulthood (55 – 65 yrs.) • Aging is a positive experience for most people, at least until about age 75Defining Late Adulthood• Who is “old”? • Depends on who you ask• Younger adults: 60+ years• Older adults (65+): 74 yrs• Depends on Policy • Medicare: 65 yrs• United Nations & IRS : 60 yrs• AARP & World health Organization: 50 yrsLongevity and Aging• Longevity:• Life Expectancy:• Life Span:Differences in Life Expectancy• Influenced by • Context/Culture• Gender• Behavioral factors –• Biological factors --Longevity & Aging• Centenarians• Biological factors• Contextual factors15-9Theories of Biological AgingGenetic Programming TheoriesVariable Rate TheoriesProgrammed Senescence TheoryWear-and-Tear TheoryEndocrine TheoryFree Radical TheoryImmunological TheoryRate-of-living TheoryEvolutionary TheoryAutoimmune TheoryGeneral Principle:• People who are active earlyin life reap the benefits later in life• Use it or lose it!Physical changes in Middle Adulthood• Skin becomes wrinkled• Hair becomes thinner• Fat in torso• Can be avoided: eating and exercise• Teeth yellowPhysical changes in Middle Adulthood• Strength, joints, and bones• Sarcopenia• Cartilage become less flexible• Bone loss begins - Osteopenia• Start to lose height• Endurance decreases• Cardiovascular systemPhysical Changes in Late Adulthood• The circulatory system and lungs • Cardiovascular disorders increase • Lung capacity drops 40 percent • Endurance decreases• Can improve with exerciseSleep in Middle Adulthood• Beginning in 40s, • wakeful periods are more frequent• Factors in poor sleep• 50 % of older adults = difficulty sleepingSensory changes in Middle Adulthood• Changes in Vision• Presbyopia: “far-sighted”• Changes in hearing• Hearing Loss: Presbycusishttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2G9Q-r2leywSensory changes in Late Adulthood• Vision• visual acuity, color vision, and depth perception decline• cataracts• glaucoma• macular degenerationSensory Changes in Late Adulthood• Smell and taste• Touch and painMenopause• Average age: 52 years• When a woman permanently stops ovulating and menstruatingSymptoms of Menopause• Little discomfort for many• Most common = hot flashes• Other symptoms:• In the US, most women view menopause positivelyHealth After Menopause: Osteoporosis• Can result in loss of height and ‘hunchback’• Ethnic differences• Slowing osteoporosis:Changes in Male Sexuality• No ‘male menopause’• Testosterone decreases slowly • About 1% per year after the 30sHealth and disease in middle adulthood• Frequency of accidents declines • Fewer colds and allergies • Role of Stress in disease13-23Health Trends• Arthritis is the most common• Heart Disease • Leading cause of death in middle age• Role of hostility• Hypertension • DiabetesHealth Status in Late Adulthood• Most older adults (73%) report being in good general health but on average… • have 2-3 chronic health conditions• 5 prescriptionsHealth• Influence of Exercise• Influence of Nutrition and Weight15-27Exercise and the Older Adult: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5AMFJwL6HP8Activity 5.2• Caloric restriction “Eat less… Live longer” • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9jvqNG1g62YCauses of Death in Later Adulthood• Cancers • 65–74-year-olds • Cardiovascular disease • Leading cause of death for those 75+ years old• Accidents • 6th leading cause of death in older adults• Linked to frailty and pneumoniaFigure 15.4 - Physical Fitness and Mortality15-31Health• Health treatment • Extended-care facilities • Geriatric nurses• Factor related to health in a nursing home:15-32Figure 15.6 - Perceived Control and Mortality15-33Activities of Daily LivingActivities of Daily Living (ADLs)Dressing, Bathing, Toileting, Getting around the house, Getting in and out of bed, Grooming, MealsInstrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)Going shopping alone, Using phone, taking meds, heavy housework and laundry, getting around townFunctional ActivitiesWalking, climbing Stairs; Reaching, grasping; Lifting and carryingDevelopmental PSYC in RealLife• What are 2-5 best practices that you can put into practice now to help your later years?• If you have aging grandparents or relatives, what kinds of activities you might do with them to optimize their later