PSYC 241 EXAM 1• Describe and differentiate the 3 domains of developmentBiological process – Individuals physical natureCognitive process – Individuals thought, intelligence, and languageSocioemotional process – Individuals relationships, emotions, and personality• What is the current understanding about of the “nature-nurture” debate?Nature – biological inheritanceNurture – environmental experiences • What are the two goals of developmental psychology?How people change and how they stay the same• What are the periods of Life-Span developmental psychology? How are the periods determined?A time frame in a person’s life that is characterized by certain features, they are determined by age.• What are the general influences on Development (more than 2)?HousingEducationIncome• Give an example of each of the key principles of Paul Baltes’ Life-Span Approach to DevelopmentLifelong – Older man adapting to new values, such as gay marriageMultidimensional – physical, social, and/or intellectual growthMultidirectional – Somethings get better, somethings get worse Plasticity – change, Moving from a place without any minorities to a diverse cityMultidisciplinary – Studying math, science, and historyContext – influence of environmental factors on one's perception of a stimulus Allocation of resources – Available resources, such as to plan achieving a future goalTheory – An set up that explains an idea and shows the resultsHypothesis – Assumptions that can be tested to determine accuracyThe idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is:a. plastic.b. contextual.c. multidimensional.d. lifelong._____ means the capacity for change.a. Elasticityb. Plasticityc. Contextualityd. TenacityDefine 2 main Developmental Issues• Stability – staying stable during development• Plasticity - Possible of change • Continuity – Gradual, quantitative, Human development occurs in a continuous manner• Discontinuity – Distinct, Qualitative, explains human development in distinct stagesDefine and give an example of the following terms: • Normative age-graded influences – Mandatory for age, marriage and retirement• Normative history-graded influences – Experiences from history, 9/11• Non-normative life events – unusual events, early death of a family member• What defines Mechanistic Theories? Main example: Add. You will grow taller from birth. • What defines Organismic Theories? Main example: React, like walking upstairs, each step is different for you.• What are the primary interests of each grand theory?Each event will play a role into developmentOperant Condition: Reward and punishmentClassical Condition: Albert like the rat, Rat was represented with loud bang, albert cried because of noise, Eventually the sight of rat made albert cry.Banduras Social cognitive theory: Modeling, Parents model behavior to children, cursing for exampleVygotskys: Culture and social interactionBrofrenbrenner: Environment influences Basic research methodsObservation/Survey/InterviewSteps of scientific methodAsk a questionBackground researchHypothesisTest experimentAnalyze resultsCorrelationalSimple observation, can’t control variableExperimentalManipulation on results, not naturalIn _____ research, the goal is to describe the strength of the relationship between two or more events orcharacteristics.a. descriptiveb. correlationalc. collaboratived. discrete The cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares:a. various research methodologies.b. various developmental theories.c. individuals of different ages.d. individuals of different genders.SEX DETERMINATIONBecause women have only X chromosomes, all of their eggs have only X chromosomes. Men on the other hand have an X and a Y. So, each of their sperm carries one of the 2 sex chromosomes, which sex chromosome is in the sperm that fertilizes the egg dictates the baby's sex• How are traits inherited? Dominant/recessive/co-dominant/polygenicThey are inherited by being passed down from the parents holding either a dominant or a recessive trait.• What is the difference between Genotype and Phenotype?Genotype – TraitPhenotype – Physical appearance• What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?Germinal Stage, Embryonic Stage, Fetal Stage• What is the duration of each prenatal stage of development?Germinal 2 weeks, Embryonic 2-8 Weeks, Fetal 8 weeks - Birth• What organs and traits of the baby are developing in each stage? Germinal – Fertilization of EggEmbryonic – Respiratory, Nervous, DigestiveFetal – Toe nails, eyelids, bone• Define teratogens. When is the unborn baby most vulnerable to their effects (which stage)?Malformation of embryo, EmbryonicStages of BirthPiagets